Biomedical fields

In the biomedical fields, the ability of the microscopist is limited only by his or her capacity to remember the thousands of distinguishing characteristics of various tissues as an aid, atlases of tissue structures have been prepared over the years. Like-... 

In principle, on-line SPE-LC can be automated quite easily as well, for instance, by using Such programmable on-line SPE instrumentation as the Prospekt (Spark Holland) or the OSP-2 (Merck) which have the capability to switch to a fresh disposable pre-column for every sample. Several relevant applications in the biomedical field have been described in which these devices have been used. Eor example, a fully automated system comprising an autosampler, a Prospekt and an LC with a UV... 

Grafting and modification of polymers have been found to have applications in the biomedical field. For example, poly(etherurethane), which has good elastomeric and often mechanical properties and a relatively high compatibility with blood, has been used in the man-... 

With notable exceptions, the application of HPLC to clinical chemistry has not as yet been extensive. This is somewhat surprising in view of the potential the method has for this area. This potential arises, in part, from the fact that HPLC is well suited to the types of substances that must be analyzed in the biomedical field. Ionic, relatively polar species can be directly chromatographed, without the need to make volatile derivatives as in gas chromatography. Typically, columns are operated at room temperature so that thermally labile substances can be separated. Finally, certain modes of HPLC allow fractionation of high molecular weight species, such as biopolymers. 

Montheard,J.P.,Chatzopoulos,M.and Chappard, D. (1992) 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) - chemical properties and applications in biomedical fields. Journal of Macromolecular Science — Macromolecular Review, 32, 1—34. 

Nanogels are nanometer-sized hydrogel nanoparticles (less than about 100 nm) with three-dimensional networks of physically crosslinked polymer chains. They have attracted growing interest over the last decade because of their potential for applications in biomedical fields, such as DDS and bioimaging [246-249]. 

Nanosized objects perform various functions in the biomedical field. In the human body, nanosized particulate substances behave very differently from larger particles. In 1986, Maeda et al. found that the stained albumin, having a size of several nanometers, naturally accumulates in the region of cancerous tissues, which is now well known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many studies in the field of nanoparticles are based on this finding. Another application of nanoparticles is the delivery system using various polyplexes that are composed of carrier molecules and plasmid DNA or nucleic acid drugs such as antisenses and siRNA. In addition, nanofibers are mainly used for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue... 

The curved surface of fullerene has been found to stabilize enzymes in denaturating environments. Soybean peroxidase has been chosen as prototype and its half-life, when adsorbed on C60, is 13-fold higher than the native enzyme (Asuri et al., 2007). These findings are really important for the applications of fullerene, not only in biomedical fields. 

The goal of luminescent sensing is perhaps to implement methods and instrumentation capable of performing simple, accurate, and precise measurements in real time. These qualities of sensing systems are especially desirable in the biomedical field in which relevant physiological parameters may change constantly during time expands from a fraction of a second to several hours. 

Note In particular mass spectrometrists in the biomedical field of mass spectrometry tend to use the dalton [Da] (to honor J. Dalton) instead of the unified atomic mass [u]. The dalton also is not a SI unit. 

Research on the use of CNT-MPc based electrode in electroanalytical chemistry is still in its infancy. Without doubt, there is an enormous potential for using CNT-MPc-based electrodes for applications in areas such as environmental, industrial, food, pharmaceutical, clinical, and biomedical fields. Few studies have only been attempted with MPc complexes with Co, Fe and Ni as the central metals, meaning that there are many open doors for research on these and many other MPc complexes as redox mediators for the development of electrochemical sensors. Given the many advantages of electrochemical techniques (especially sensitivity to redox-active analytes, and amenability to automation,... 

In addition to solid-state reactions, other processing techniques of such ceramics have also been sporadically investigated, and have generally been the subject of new patents in the biomedical field. 

M.P. Krafft, J.G. Riess, Highly fluorinated amphiphiles and colloidal systems, and their applications in the biomedical field—A contribution, Biochimie 80 (1998) 489-514. 

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