Bactericidal Agents

Water soluble starch capped nanoparticles proved to be efficient non-cytotoxic bactericidal agents at nanomolar concentrations. The investigation also suggested that starch capped CuNPs have great potential for use in biomedical applications such as cellular imaging or photothermal therapy. 

Soluble in water, ether and alcohol Bactericidal agent Reducing agent Keratolytic properties... 

Babior, B. M., Kipnis, R. S., and Cumutte, J. T. (1973) Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potent bactericidal agent. J. Clin. Invest. 52, 741-744. 

Pharmacology Nalidixic acid, a bactericidal agent, appears to interfere with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerization. 

For some indications combination chemotherapy is indicated however then bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents should not be mixed. Synergism between the actions of different drugs is one of the aims of combination therapy. Other indications are delay of development of resistance or the treatment of mixed infections. 

The first-generation and oldest quinolones exhibit limited gram-negative activity. Nalidixic acid and cinoxacin do not achieve systemic antibacterial levels and are thus restricted to therapy of bladder infections caused by urinary pathogens, such as E. coli and Klebsiella and Proteus spp. Although they are bactericidal agents, their use is restricted by resistance. 

The relationship between concentration and antimicrobial effect differs among bactericidal agents but is constant for a particular antimicrobial agent. The relationship between concentration and antimicrobial effect is exponential in nature, with the general formula... 

Peroxynitrite is a potent bactericidal agent for E. coli, with an LD50 of 250 tM at pH 7.4 and 37°C (Zhu et al., 1992). Neither 1 mM HjOj nor 10 mU/ml of xanthine oxidase plus xanthine were toxic in the same system. The toxicity was not due to the hydroxyl radical-like reactivity because lipid soluble radical scavengers either had no effect or slightly increased toxicity of peroxynitrite (Zhu... 

Beckman, J. S., and Siedow, J. N. (1985). Bactericidal agents generated by the peroxy-nitrite-catalyzed oxidation of para-hydroquinones. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14604-14609. 

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents are equivalent for the treatment of most infectious diseases in immunocompetent hosts. Bactericidal agents should be selected over bacteriostatic ones in circumstances in which local or systemic host defenses are impaired. Bactericidal agents are required for treatment of endocarditis and other endovascular infections, meningitis, and infections in neutropenic cancer patients. 

Bactericidal agents can be divided into two groups agents that exhibit concentration-dependent killing (eg, aminoglycosides and quinolones) and agents that exhibit time-dependent killing (eg, 13-lactams and vancomycin). For... 

Dermal. Medical case histories indicate that dermal exposure to silver or silver compounds for extended periods of time can lead to local skin discoloration similar in nature to the generalized pigmentation seen after repeated oral exposure. However, the amount of silver and the duration of time required to produce this effect cannot be established with the existing information (Buckley 1963 McMahon and Bergfeld 1983). Moreover, adverse effects such as argyria have not been associated with the use of silver sulphadiazine as a bactericidal agent (Fox et al. 1969). No studies were located regarding dermal effects in animals after dermal exposure to silver or silver compounds. 

Levels in biopsy specimens (e.g., of skin) provide information concerning repeated exposure (Blumberg and Carey 1934 East et al. 1980). After a burn victim had been dermally exposed to silver nitrate (as a bactericidal agent), Bader (1966) found silver primarily in the patient s skin as well as in the blood and urine. Further information can be found in Section 2.3. 

Cephalosporins are semisynthetic antibiotics obtained from the fungus Cephalo-sporium. These bactericidal agents act in a similar way to that of penicillins. There are different types of cephalosporins available first-generation (cefazolin, cefadroxil) second-generation (cefuroxime, cefaclor) third-generation (cefotaxime, cefoperazone) and fourth-generation (cefpirome). 

Because chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant for drinking water, swimming pools, and sewage treatment, it is worth looking at its stability diagram. Note that the effective bactericidal agent is not CI2 itself, but its oxidation product hypochlorous acid HOC1 which predominates at pH values below its pKa of 7.3. Note also that... 

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