Biomaterial biomedical application

El Fray, M., Puskas, J.E., Tomkins, M., and Altstadt, V. Evaluation of the Eatigue Properties of a Novel Polyisobutylene-Polystyrene Thermoplastic Elastomer in Comparison with other Rubbery Biomaterials. Paper 76, ACS Rubber Division, 166th Technical Meeting, October 5-8, Columbus, OH, 2004. Puskas, J.E. and Chen, Y. Novel Thermoplastic Elastomers for Biomedical Applications. Paper 40, ACS Rubber Division, 163nd Technical Meeting, April 28-30, San Erancisco, CA, 2003. 

The first documented use of sUicone as biomaterial was silicone mbber tubing as shunts for treatment of hydrocephalus in about 1955. From 1960 to 1990, the biomedical application of sUicone mbber was steadUy grown. One of the most well-known silicone product is the Norplant contraceptive implant. The first clinical experiment with this device was reported in 1966. FDA approved its use in 1990. 

Arshady, R. (1993) Micro-spheres for biomedical applications Preparation of reactive and labeled microspheres. Biomaterials 14, 5-15. 

Silk fibers or monolayers of silk proteins have a number of potential biomedical applications. Biocompatibility tests have been carried out with scaffolds of fibers or solubilized silk proteins from the silkworm Bombyx mori (for review see Ref. [38]). Some biocompatibility problems have been reported, but this was probably due to contamination with residual sericin. More recent studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core fibroin fibers show in vivo and in vivo biocompatibility that is comparable to other biomaterials, such as polyactic acid and collagen. Altmann et al. [39] showed that a silk-fiber matrix obtained from properly processed natural silkworm fibers is a suitable material for the attachment, expansion and differentiation of adult human progenitor bone marrow stromal cells. Also, the direct inflammatory potential of silkworm silk was studied using an in vitro system [40]. The authors claimed that their silk fibers were mostly immunologically inert in short and long term culture with murine macrophage cells. 

Recently, our laboratory produced a foldable, bendable, and cutable postage-stamp-sized battery (Fig. 12.2). The device looks like a simple sheet of black paper, but it could spell a revolution in implantable battery technology (Pushparaj et al., 2007). The paper battery, a one-piece-integrated device is made of cellulose with CNT and lithium electrodes. The device is flexible, rechargeable, and has the ability to function over a wide range of temperatures giving it a wide variety of potential biomedical applications. As a biomaterial, this paper battery may be useful as a pacemaker because it could easily be inserted under a patient s skin. 

Elvira, C., Mano, J. F., San Roman, J., Reis, R. L. (2002). Starch-based biodegradable hydrogels with potential biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials, 23(9), 1955-1966. 

This contribution will provide a review of polylectrolytes as biomaterials, with emphasis on recent developments. The first section will provide an overview of methods of synthesizing polyelectrolytes in the structures that are most commonly employed for biomedical applications linear polymers, crosslinked networks, and polymer grafts. In the remaining sections, the salient features of polyelectrolyte thermodynamics and the applications of polyelectrolytes for dental adhesives and restoratives, controlled release devices, polymeric drugs, prodrugs, or adjuvants, and biocompatibilizers will be discussed. These topics have been reviewed in the past, therefore previous reviews are cited and only the recent developments are considered here. 

It is the unique properties exhibited by polyelectrolytes that have led to their use in a variety of biomedical applications. Therefore, any discussion of polyelectrolytes as biomaterials should provide some insight into the properties of polyelectrolyte systems. In this section, an overview of polyelectrolyte properties will be presented, including polyelectrolyte solutions, gels, and complexes. The purpose of this section is not to provide an exhaustive review of polyelectrolyte thermodynamics but to provide background information for the ensuing discussion of biomedical applications of polyelectrolytes. 

Biomaterials such as proteins/enzymes or DNA display highly selective catalytic and recognition properties. Au nanoparticles or nanorods show electronic, photonic and catalytic properties. The convergence of both types of materials gives rise to Au NP-biomolecule hybrids that represent a very active research area. The combination of properties leads to the appearance of biosensors due to the optical or electrical transduction of biological phenomena. Moreover, multifunctional Au NP-peptide hybrids can be used for targeting nuclear cells where genetic information is stored and could be useful for biomedical applications [146]. 

This chapter focuses and reviews on the characteristics and biomedical application of chitosan and collagen from marine products and advantages and disadvantages of regeneration medicine. The understanding of the production processes of chitosan and collagen and the conformation of these biomaterials are indispensable for promoting the theoretical and practical availability. The initial inflammatory reactions associated with chitosan application to... 

Trudell, L., Thomson, T., Naik, S., Jauregui, H., Laboratory Experience with a New Biomaterial for Covering Wounds and Burns (as well as for other Biomedical Applications, Symposium on Advanced Wound Care and Medical Research Forum on Wound Repair, New Orleans, April, 1997. 

Biological studies, with organometallic compounds, 1, 897 Biomaterials, silicones, 3, 680 Biomedical applications... 

As the disciplines of cell-tissue engineering and nanophase material science develop and mature, the preceding design criteria will be expanded and refined. Undoubtedly, nanophase ceramics have great potential to become the next generation of choice proactive biomaterials for innovative biotechnology and biomedical applications that could have profound clinical impact. 

Colloidal Biomolecules, Biomaterials, and Biomedical Applications, edited by Abdelhamid Elaissari... 

Calcium oxide is the main ingredient in conventional portland cements. Since limestone is the most abundant mineral in nature, it has been easy to produce portland cement at a low cost. The high solubility of calcium oxide makes it difficult to produce phosphate-based cements. However, calcium oxide can be converted to compounds such as silicates, aluminates, or even hydrophosphates, which then can be used in an acid-base reaction with phosphate, forming CBPCs. The cost of phosphates and conversion to the correct mineral forms add to the manufacturing cost, and hence calcium phosphate cements are more expensive than conventional cements. For this reason, their use has been largely limited to dental and other biomedical applications. Calcium phosphate cements have found application as structural materials, but only when wollastonite is used as an admixture in magnesium phosphate cements. Because calcium phosphates are also bone minerals, they are indispensable in biomaterial applications and hence form a class of useful CBPCs that cannot be substituted by any other. 

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