Special characteristics

A fingerprint ofa chemical structure tries to identify a molecule with some special characteristics, much in the same way as a human fingerprint identifies a person. The characteristic property can, for example, be described by the structure or struc-... 

Note most of these varieties make desirably distinctive wines, and the few that usually do not, eg, Carignane and Colombard, have special characteristics such as high yield and relative quaUty under difficult circumstances. With most vinifera varieties the flavor is subtle and more intensity is often sought. With varieties and hybrids from other species, such as Concord from V itis labrusca or labruscana, the flavor may be too strong and soon satiating with a meal. 

Combinatorial. Combinatorial methods express the synthesis problem as a traditional optimization problem which can only be solved using powerful techniques that have been known for some time. These may use total network cost direcdy as an objective function but do not exploit the special characteristics of heat-exchange networks in obtaining a solution. Much of the early work in heat-exchange network synthesis was based on exhaustive search or combinatorial development of networks. This work has not proven useful because for only a typical ten-process-stream example problem the alternative sets of feasible matches are cal.55 x 10 without stream spHtting. 

With the possible exception of geotextiles and housewrap, however, there have been virtually no new markets estabUshed as a result of the special characteristics of spunbonded fabrics. Growth has come about in an evolutionary fashion where spunbonded fabrics were substituted for woven fabrics. 

Distillation appHcations can be characterized by the type of materials separated, such as petroleum appHcations, gas separations, electrolyte separations, etc. These appHcations have specific characteristics in terms of the way or the correlations by which the physical properties are deterrnined or estimated the special configurations of the process equipment such as having side strippers, multiple product withdrawals, and internal pump arounds the presence of reactions or two Hquid phases etc. Various distillation programs can model these special characteristics of the appHcations to varying degrees and with more or less accuracy and efficiency. 

Many databases can be classified in multiple ways because of multiple type data, eg, text and numeric data, text and image data, image and audio data, etc. Also included in the data presented in Table 1 are two additional classes of databases, electronic services and software. Both of these data types could also be classed by form of representation because of use of words and numbers. However, the way in which these databases are used is different and they have special characteristics. Thus they are presented as additional classes. Whereas electronic information services such as bulletin boards, electronic mail, and electronic conferencing contain data that are transitory and nonarchival, these must be included among databases because several of the principal vendors seU these services in the same way as database search services are sold. 

Primary amino groups attached to azole rings react normally with nitrous acid to give diazonium compounds via primary nitroso compounds. However, the azole series shows two special characteristics the primary nitroso compounds can be stable enough to be isolated, and diazo anhydrides are formed easily from azoles containing ring NH groups. 

Present-day nomenclature is partly the result of the conflict and interplay of two functions the need to communicate in speech and on the printed page on the one hand, and the need for archival storage of information and its efficient, reliable retrieval. The former function came first, and laid the basis for the nomenclature most commonly used even today, and gave birth to a wealth of trivial names (i.e. names that give little or no information on structure). These were often coined on the basis of the origin of the substance, as in the case of collidine, obtained from distillation of bones in glue factories, or were derived from a special characteristic, as in the case of skatole, which has a fecal odor. Such names are short and generally euphonious, but they must be memorized they cannot be deduced from the structure. 

Until the late 1990s, Waspaloy was still the best alloy available for the majority of hot gas turboexpanders used in industry and, until recently, it continued to offer the many special characteristic needed for hot gas expander applications. However, a new development followed in 2000 when the Ebara Corporation (Japan) released data on a nickel-base superalloy. 

Whilst the properties of polyfphenylene sulphides) vary between grades, particularly because of varying molecular linearity and presence of contaminants, they generally show the following special characteristics ... 

The previous section has given an indication of the range of plastics available to the design engineer. The important question then arises How do we decide which plastic, if any, is best for a particular application Material selection is not as difficult as it might appear but it does require an awareness of the general behaviour of plastics as a group, as well as a familiarity with the special characteristics of individual plastics. 

The economic factors must be considered in every application. It is important to find a technique that will meet both the technical and economical requirements. In short, pollution control costs depend on the system characteristics and the application. Some cost equations that generalize the economics of the managing systems are available in the literature. Most of these equations give rough estimates and have an accuracy of only about 30% to 50%. For a comprehensive cost comparison of different units, a detailed cost analysis based on the equipment tender proposals and the special characteristics of the project is necessary. 

In the selection of control equipment, the most important waste-gas characteristics are volumetric flow rate, concentration and composition of organic compounds in the waste-gas, waste-gas temperature and humidity, and rbe content of particulate matter, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and toxic pollutants. Other factors influencing the equipment selection are the required removal efficiency, recovery requirements, investment and operating costs, ease of installation, and considerations of operation and maintenance. The selection of a suitable control method is based on the fundamental selection criteria presented as well as the special characteristics of the project. 

The note in clause 4.4.5.1 states that the characteristics specified are designated as special characteristics. 

The standard requires the use of a multidisciplinary approach to prepare for product realization including development and review of special characteristics, FMEA, and control plans. 

The standard requires the supplier to apply the appropriate methods to identify special characteristics, to include these characteristics in the control plan, and to comply with any specific definitions and symbols the customer may use. 

The standard also requires documents such as FMEA, control plans, etc. to be marked with the customer s specific symbols to indicate those process steps that affect special characteristics. As the characteristics in question will be specified within documents, the required symbols should be applied where the characteristic is mentioned rather than on the face of the document. For drawings, the symbol should be applied close to the appropriate dimension or item. Alternatively, where a document specifies processes that affect a special characteristic, the appropriate symbol should be denoted against the particular stage in the process that affects that characteristic. The symbols therefore need to be applied during document preparation and not to copies of the document. The instructions to apply these symbols should be included within the procedures that govern the preparation of the documents concerned. 

The standard requires that continuous improvement extend to product characteristics and process parameters with the highest priority on special characteristics. 

This requirement illustrates some ambiguity over terminology. Clause 4.1.1.4 mentions improvement in quality which implies improvement in product and process characteristics, thereby making this additional requirement superfluous. Little more is needed than was given in Part 2 Chapter 1 except to state that when setting priorities for improvement you need to focus on the special characteristics first. 

The standard requires the supplier to comply/ with all customer requirements for designation, documentation, and control of special characteristics and to supply documentation showing compliance with these requirements. 

This clause requires the designation of special characteristics that should have been accomplished during product realization (as required by clause 4.2.4.7). As for the documentation of special characteristics, the symbols should have been applied both when establishing the process controls and preparing the control plan (also clause 4.2.4.7) and associated documentation during the planning phase. Therefore the requirements not previously addressed are for the control of special characteristics and evidence of compliance i.e. quality records. 

Preliminary process capability studies are those based on measurements collected from one operating run to establish that the process is in statistical control and hence no special causes are present. Studies of unpredictable processes and the determination of associated capability indices have little value. Preliminary studies should show acceptable results for special characteristics before production approval can be given. These studies and associated indices only apply to the measurement of variables and not to attributes (see below). 

Benzyl alcohol may be also obtained by the action of caustic potash on benzaldehyde (see Reaction 4, p. 197). This leaction is specially characteristic of cyclic-compounds containing an aldehyde-group in the nucleus, although some of the higher aliphatic aldehydes behave in a similar fashion (Canmzzaio), 2C0H5COII -I KOII = CuII,CH,OII 4- Q,I/r,COOK. 

In all three reactions, MP2 theory overcompensates for electron correlation (as it often does). Of the methods used in the original study, only the MP3 level provides an adequate treatment of these reactions. Note, however, it is the special characteristics of isodesmic reactions that enables MP3 to do so well. 

Many materials are suitable for refrigerant purposes, and each usually has some special characteristics that allow it to serve a particular application better than some of the others. Before selecting a refrigerant, it is important to evaluate its flammability and toxicity data, pressure-temperature-volume relationships, enthalpy, density, molecular weight, boiling and freezing points, and various effects on gaskets, metals, oils, etc. ... 

Properties of the deposit The changes in surface properties of implanted materials which can be achieved are very considerable. Physical and chemical properties can be widely varied to produce special characteristics, some of which cannot be obtained in any other way. 

Special characteristics can be developed in individual materials depending on the cations present and their arrangement relative to each other and to the oxygen anions. The most important of these characteristics is low, medium or high reversible thermal expansion. The properties of some commercially available glass-ceramics are summarised in Table 18.6. 

Aromaticity (Chapter 15 introduction) The special characteristics of cyclic conjugated molecules. These characteristics include unusual stability, the presence of a ring current in the 1H NMR spectrum, and a tendency to undergo substitution reactions rather than addition reactions on treatment with electrophiles. Aromatic molecules are planar, cyclic, conjugated species that have An + 2 7T electrons. 

---