Biomedical applications tissue engineering

These dendrimers expand the repertoire of polymers available for study. Current investigations are primarily limited to linear polymers that possess ill-defined solution structures and fewer hydroxyl groups for further modification. The introduction of biocompatible building blocks (e.g., glycerol and lactic acid) augments the favorable and already known physical properties of dendrimers. These properties are likely to facilitate the design of new materials for specific biomedical and tissue engineering applications. 

ASTM. F2103-01 Standard guide for characterization and testing of chitosan salts as starting materials intended Iot use in biomedical and tissue-engineered medical product applications (2001)... 

There is currently a renewed interest in the use of electrospinning techniques for the fabrication of membranes. Chapter 8 reviews the use of this versatile technique for the production of nanofiber webs or membranes. The chemical and physical properties of nanofiber manbrane surfaces play an important role in their application to filtration, biomedical materials, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery... 

PPy is the first and most extensively studied and used CP for biomedical and tissue engineering applications [241-245]. It was one of the first known polymers biocompatible to cells both in vitro and in vivo and promoting their adhesion and growth in vitro. PPy implants have also shown to be compatible with minimum or no response from tissues. The electrical stimulation of PPy has also been found to... 

Conde Y, Despois J-F, Goodall R, Marmottant A, Salvo A, San March C, Mortensen A (2006) Replication processing of highly porous materials. Adv Eng Mater 8(9) 795-803 Cooper Al (2003) Porous materials and supercritical fluids. Adv Mater 15(13) 1049 Duarte ARC, Mano JF, Reis RL (2009) Supercritical fluids in biomedical and tissue engineering applications a review. Int Mater Rev 54(4) 214... 

Three key elements determine the potential and applications of a hollow-fiber membrane (1) pore size and pore size distribution, (2) selective layer thickness, and (3) inherent properties (chemistry and physics) of the membrane material. Pore size and its distribution usually determine membrane applications, separation factor, or selectivity. The selective layer thickness determines the membrane flux or productivity. Material chemistry and physics govern the intrinsic permselectivity for gas separation and pervaporation, fouling characteristics for RO (reverse osmosis), UF (ultrafiltration), and MF (microfiltration) membranes, chemical resistance for membranes used in harsh environments, protein and drug separation, as well as biocompatibUity for biomedical membranes used in dialysis and biomedical and tissue engineering. 

Chitosan has found many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering approaches. Enzymes such as chitosanase and lysozyme can degrade chitosan. However, chitosan is easily soluble in the presence of acid, and generally insoluble in neutral conditions as well as in most organic solvents due to the existence of amino groups and the high crystallinity. Therefore, many derivatives have been reported to enhance the solubility and processability of this polymer. 

In biomedical applications, transglutaminases have been used for tissue engineering materials such as enzymatically crosslinked collagen [60-63] or gelatin scaffolds [64-69]. Even melt-extruded guides based on enzymatically crosslinked macromolecules for peripheral nerve repair have been reported [70]. 

Polymers from renewable sources have received great attention over many years, predominantly due to the environmental concerns. Potato starch is a promising biopol5mier for various food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications because of its higher water solubility that raises its degradability and speed of degradation non-toxicity, easy availability, and abundancy. The role of starch for tissue engineering of bone, bone fixation, carrier for the controlled release... 

Tang Z, Wang Y, Podsiadlo P et al (2006) Biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly from biomimetics to tissue engineering. Adv Mater 18 3203-3224... 

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