Biomedical field applications

Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE (2014) Surface-initiated polymer bmshes in the biomedical field applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 114(21) 10976-11026... 

In principle, on-line SPE-LC can be automated quite easily as well, for instance, by using Such programmable on-line SPE instrumentation as the Prospekt (Spark Holland) or the OSP-2 (Merck) which have the capability to switch to a fresh disposable pre-column for every sample. Several relevant applications in the biomedical field have been described in which these devices have been used. Eor example, a fully automated system comprising an autosampler, a Prospekt and an LC with a UV... 

Grafting and modification of polymers have been found to have applications in the biomedical field. For example, poly(etherurethane), which has good elastomeric and often mechanical properties and a relatively high compatibility with blood, has been used in the man-... 

With notable exceptions, the application of HPLC to clinical chemistry has not as yet been extensive. This is somewhat surprising in view of the potential the method has for this area. This potential arises, in part, from the fact that HPLC is well suited to the types of substances that must be analyzed in the biomedical field. Ionic, relatively polar species can be directly chromatographed, without the need to make volatile derivatives as in gas chromatography. Typically, columns are operated at room temperature so that thermally labile substances can be separated. Finally, certain modes of HPLC allow fractionation of high molecular weight species, such as biopolymers. 

Montheard,J.P.,Chatzopoulos,M.and Chappard, D. (1992) 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) - chemical properties and applications in biomedical fields. Journal of Macromolecular Science — Macromolecular Review, 32, 1—34. 

Nanogels are nanometer-sized hydrogel nanoparticles (less than about 100 nm) with three-dimensional networks of physically crosslinked polymer chains. They have attracted growing interest over the last decade because of their potential for applications in biomedical fields, such as DDS and bioimaging [246-249]. 

Nanosized objects perform various functions in the biomedical field. In the human body, nanosized particulate substances behave very differently from larger particles. In 1986, Maeda et al. found that the stained albumin, having a size of several nanometers, naturally accumulates in the region of cancerous tissues, which is now well known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many studies in the field of nanoparticles are based on this finding. Another application of nanoparticles is the delivery system using various polyplexes that are composed of carrier molecules and plasmid DNA or nucleic acid drugs such as antisenses and siRNA. In addition, nanofibers are mainly used for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue... 

Of all the fullerene forms, the nearly spherical properties of C o have attracted the greatest attention, especially in the field of bioconjugation. In addition to its physical properties, C o fullerenes have unique photo-optical and electro-chemical properties, which make them useful as carriers for biomedical research applications. For instance, upon exposure to light C o will generate singlet oxygen, which can be used in vivo to cleave biological molecules, particularly DNA and RNA. Studies indicate that irradiation of Cgo in solution can be used to destroy virus contamination (Kasermann and Kempf, 1997). Solutions of Buckminsterfullerene are a deep purple color, whereas other sizes of fullerenes display a variety of other colors. 

The curved surface of fullerene has been found to stabilize enzymes in denaturating environments. Soybean peroxidase has been chosen as prototype and its half-life, when adsorbed on C60, is 13-fold higher than the native enzyme (Asuri et al., 2007). These findings are really important for the applications of fullerene, not only in biomedical fields. 

Research on the use of CNT-MPc based electrode in electroanalytical chemistry is still in its infancy. Without doubt, there is an enormous potential for using CNT-MPc-based electrodes for applications in areas such as environmental, industrial, food, pharmaceutical, clinical, and biomedical fields. Few studies have only been attempted with MPc complexes with Co, Fe and Ni as the central metals, meaning that there are many open doors for research on these and many other MPc complexes as redox mediators for the development of electrochemical sensors. Given the many advantages of electrochemical techniques (especially sensitivity to redox-active analytes, and amenability to automation,... 

M.P. Krafft, J.G. Riess, Highly fluorinated amphiphiles and colloidal systems, and their applications in the biomedical field—A contribution, Biochimie 80 (1998) 489-514. 

The presence of long perfluoroalkyl chains gives sugars surfactant and emulsifier properties, with interesting applications in the biomedical field. These applications... 

Finally, surfactants that break down into non-surface active products in a controlled way may find use in speciahzed applications, such as in the biomedical field. For instance, cleavable surfactants that form vesicles or microemulsions can be of interest for drug dehvery, provided the metabolites are nontoxic. 

Carbon nanotubes are unique materials with specific properties [42]. There is a considerable application potential for using nanotubes in the biomedical field. However, when such materials are considered for application in biomedical implants, transport of medicines and vaccines or as biosensors, their biocompatibility needs to be established. Other carbon materials show remarkable long-term biocompatibility and biological action for use as medical devices. Preliminary data on biocompatibility of nanotubes and other novel nanostructured materials demonstrate that we have to pay attention to their possible adverse effects when then-biomedical applications are considered. 

Due to their highly biocompatible nature, dendritic PGs have a broad range of potential applications in medicine and pharmacology. The versatility of the polyglycerol scaffolds for application in the biomedical field has recently been reviewed [131], and a number of examples were described, therein, e.g., smart and stimuli-responsive delivery and release of bioactive molecules, enhanced solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, surface-modification and regenerative therapy, as well as transport of active agents across biological barriers (cell-membranes, tumor tissue, etc.). 

A third application for pTAS is in the biomedical field. Gumbrecht et al. [46, 47] developed a monolithically integrated, ISFET-based sensor system for (bedside) monitoring of blood pH, p02 and pC02 in patients. Here the successful introduction on the market mainly depends on the price of the system, for which reason a CMOS-compatible design of the silicon part is needed. Evidently, such a development is only possible in the case of a high volume market. 

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