Biomedical applications artificial skin

Pal, K., Banthia, A. K., Majumdar, D. K. (2006). Starch based hydrogel with potential biomedical application as artificial skin. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9,23-29. 

Other biomedical applications of polymers include sustained and controlled drug delivery formulations for implantation, transdermal and trans-cornealuses, intrauterine devices, etc. (6, 7). Major developments have been reported recently on the use of biomaterials for skin replacement (8), reconstruction of vocal cords (9), ophthalmic applications such as therapeutic contact lenses, artificial corneas, intraocular lenses, and vitreous implants (10), craniofacial, maxillofacial, and related replacements in reconstructive surgery (I), and neurostimulating and other electrical-stimulating electrodes (I). Orthopedic applications include artificial tendons (II), prostheses, long bone repair, and articular cartilage replacement (I). Finally, dental materials and implants (12,13) are also often considered as biomaterials. 

Biodegradability is often an important consideration in the development of biomedical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural products for a number of applications. Biodegradable polymers have been formulated for uses such as controlled release and drug-delivery devices, surgical sutures, scaffolds for tissue regeneration, vascular grafts and stents, artificial skin, and orthopedic implants. 

M., Ahmed, M., Rahman, M. F., and Ahmed, B. (2012). Preparation and characterization of artificial skin using chitosan and gelatin composites for potential biomedical application, 69,... 

Bacterial Cellulose has been shown to be a highly effective wound dressing material. In fact, the results of burns, diabetic ulcer, healing process can be show in Figs. 10.5 and 10.6a,b. The biomedical applications of BC include meniscus replacements (pig meniscus on the left, BC meniscus on the right), artificial blood vessels and wound dressing for skin healing [12, 20, 21] (Fig. 10.7). 

There are opportunities for polyolefins in biomedical applications as many types are nontoxic, non-thermogenic, non-inflammatory, non-carcinogenic, and non-immunogenic. Polyolefins are used in many applications such as artificial skin, orthopedic implants, heart valves, and disposal items used in medical applications such as syringes. 

However, in the last decade the main application of bacterial cellulose has been in the biomedical materials field [13,46,55-57], Due to its unique nanostructure and properties, microbial cellulose is a nattnal candidate for numerous medical and tissue-engineered apphcations. In fact, much work has already been focused on designing ideal biomedical devices from BNC, such as artificial skin, blood vessels, cornea, urethra, bone, cartilage, porcine knee menisci, and heart valve prosthesis as well as deliveries of drug, hormone and protein [58-62], Figure 2,5 illustrates some of the prospects for the various biomedical applications of BNC-based materials. 

Patents over the last few years dealing with BNC biomedical applications illustrate the scientific advances herein reviewed, such as uses of BNC in composite materials for use in osseous tissue support material, blood vessel prosthesis, artificial skin, cartilage-like biomaterial, implan Czaja support material used for cornea, cartilage connective tissue and ligament repair cement for fixing bones, etc. [54]. 

Developments in the u.se of biodegradable polymers in biomedical and surgical applications are reviewed. Applications discussed include tissue engineering, bone fracture fixation devices, resorbable sutures, vascular grafts, temporary barriers for the prevention of postoperative adhesion, artificial skin and systems for controlled drug release. 92 refs. 

A survey is made of developments in the use of polymers in biomedical applications, including vascular prostheses, orthopaedic implants, membranes for haemodialysis and haemofiltration, intraocular and contact lenses, controlled drug release, artificial skin and artificial pancreases. 19 refs. 

Collagen has been widely studied for biomedical applications such as bioresorbable sutures, artificial skin, wound dressings, and vascular grafts, due to its biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and degradability by enzymes like... 

Under static conditions, and using suitable molds, it is possible to obtain uniform and smooth BC products with defined shapes, which can be employed for instance in the biomedical field [12] as artificial blood vessels [8] or artificial skin [40]. The moldability of BC during biosynthesis and shape retention is a feature that may enable the development of designed shape products directly in the culture media [8, 41], increasing the application range of BC. 

They are also used for biomedical applications (biomedical devices, and drug delivery systems). Chitosan and its derivatives form air permeable films. This property facilitates cell regeneration when the films are used to protect tissues against microbiological attack. For this reason chitin and chitosan are also good candidates for artificial skin, and biodegradable sutures. Producers of ehitine and chitosan will not be presented here because there are 63 main companies 30 are located in Asia, 14 in the USA, 12 in Europe, 6 in Canada, and one in Russia. 

Silicones, also known as polysiloxanes, constitute a class of polymers that find applications in a wide variety of commercially successful products. In biomedical engineering, silicone rubbers have been used in respirator tubes, dental impression, drug delivery, artificial skin, dialysis, catheters etc. Silicones have also been used in beauty products such as skin cream, facemasks, hair products, deodorants, lipsticks, etc. Silicones... 

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