Standardization of procedure

The scientific method, as mentioned, involves observation and experimentation (research) to discover or establish facts. These are followed by deduction or hypothesis, establishing theories or principles. This sequence, however, may be reversed. The noted twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper, who also dealt with science, expressed the view that the scientist s work starts not with collection of data (observation) but with selection of a suitable problem (theory). In fact, both of these paths can be involved. vSignificant and sometimes accidental observations can be made without any preconceived idea of a problem or theory and vice versa. The scientist, however, must have a well-prepared, open mind to be able to recognize the significance of such observations and must be able to follow them through. Science always demands rigorous standards of procedure, reproducibility, and open discussion that set reason over irrational belief. 

Science develops ever more rigorous standards of procedure and evaluation for setting reason aside from irrational belief. Flowever,... 

To obtain reliable values, it is necessary to have a standardization of procedures (EEMCO).21 In this chapter, therefore, attention is focused on the standardization of measurements by determining the variables associated with the method of measuring skin hydration, assessing the extent to which they influence the measured value, and elaborating the techniques by which they may be resolved. 

While more than a decade has passed since the first reports of reactions with i/2-bound aromatic molecules, this field is still in its infancy compared to the more established field of rj6-arene chemistry. Nevertheless, the general strategy of using a transition metal to render a conjugated re-system more electron-rich is now firmly established. The next phase of development will be marked by a greater focus on practical issues such as less expensive re-basic metal systems, effident control of absolute stereochemistry, and standardization of procedures that allow for easier reagent handling. 

The purpose of the present Section is twofold first to draw attention to the problems and ambiguities which have arisen in connection with the reporting of gas adsorption (physisorption) data and second to formulate proposals for the standardization of procedures and terminology which will lead to a generally accepted code of practice. It does not aim to provide detailed operational instructions or to give a comprehensive account of the theoretical aspects of physisorption. The determination of the surface area of supported metals is not dealt with here - despite the importance of this topic in the context of heterogeneous catalysis - since this necessarily involves chemisorption processes. 

The MKIII ballistic mortar introduced in RARDE was used to evaluate many unstable substances, and standardization of procedure and structural revision were carried out. 

Stahl, E., Suggestions for the standardization of procedures and terminology of thin-layer chromatography. Introductory paper. J. Chromatogr. 33, 273-279 (1968). 

There is no doubt that company boards are coming under pressure to comply with higher standards of procedure and behaviour than ever before. The confidence level in corporations has changed. Originally, it was simply a question of trust me . The desire for greater accountability moved this on to tell me , and now with the increasing emphasis on transparency, the need changes to show me . 

A general problem of all colorimetric assays is their lack of reproducibility between samples, days and laboratories. Moreover, a comparison of the results is hampered by numerous assay designs, different matrices and a variety of different polyphenol structures. Therefore, standardization of procedures is very important and should not only be limited to the assay itself, but also to the sample preparation procedures (drying and extraction). To correct for variations caused by reagents and chemicals (i.e. different batches) or by different reaction conditions several replicates (i.e. four [67]) should be analyzed and a standard sample should also be included in each set of samples. 

A comparison between TLC and PC for the separation of nucleotides is given in Figure 21.12. A one-dimensional development using identical conditions shows the superiority of cellulose-layer TLC over PC for separating various mixtures (a different mixture for each vertical column of spots). Note that, in the same development distance, the isomeric T- and 3 -nucleotides (spots 1 to 4) were only partially resolved by PC but were fully resolved by TLC, whereas spots 7 to 9 were completely resolved only by TLC. The reduced degree of spot diffusion in TLC can be readily observed. Standardization of procedure is of considerable importance. For details on TLC standardization, the reader is referred to the book by Stahl [3]. 

Careful understauding of the effects of each preanalytical variable on the biomarker data is complex and necessitates a staged approach conceptually similar to the fit-for-purpose analytical validation of a biomarker assay (see Chapter 41). In the early exploratory phase of biomarker investigation, standardization of procedures with a defined protocol for sample collection and handling will permit comparative interpretation and analysis of the data within study and/or between studies. Minimally, variables that should be experimentally evaluated to optimize sample collection for a specific biomarker will include matrix type, preservation... 

The immense potential of SFM has been realized in indnstry, where it finds increasing application in research and development laboratories. It is fair to say that for both bnlk and specialty polymers, such as coatings, SFM more than complements the traditional techniques of OM, SEM, and TEM. Despite this success, the standardization of procedures and a clear definition of protocols in the industrial environment are only beginning to emerge. The same is true for establishing rontine measnrements of various properties in a truly quantitative manner. 

B2E Allowing transfer of information within an organization between departments and employees. For example, templates of documents, automated approvals for routine requisitions and standardization of procedures. 

Licitra, G., T.M. Hernandez and PJ. Van Soest, 1996. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractioning of ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Techn. 57, 347-358. 

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