Biomedical applications characterization methods

One of the emerging biological and biomedical application areas for vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics is the characterization and discrimination of different types of microorganisms [74]. A recent review of various FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry) techniques describes such chemometrics methods as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and artificial neural networks (ANN) for use in taxonomical classification, discrimination according to susceptibility to antibiotic agents, etc. [74],... 

We ve tried to include all substantial developments and advances in this new edition. Significant developments in biomedical applications, microelectromechani-cal systems, and electronic textiles have been included, as has synthesis of nano-structured CEPs. New methods for characterizing CEPs, such as electrochemical Raman and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, have also been described. Significant progress is also detailed in techniques for processing CEPs and the fabrication of devices. 

Abrishamchian, A., Hooshmand, T., Mohammadi, M., and Hajafi, F. (2013) Preparation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite film dip coated on Ti-6A1-4V by sol-gel method for biomedical applications an in vitro study. Mater Sci. Eng. C, 33 (4), 2002 -2010. 

This review approaches the preparation of gold and silver nanoparticles by employing green synthesis techniques instead of chemical and physical methods. This smdy will provide valuable information for the preparation and characterization of silver and gold nanoparticles and its present and future prospects and prospective constraints of techniques in industry. In addition, we have particularly emphasized the role of silver and gold nanoparticles with other materials and their biomedical applications. 

When designing biomimetic polymeric materials for biomedical applications, the characterization of the achieved material properties is one of the most challenging tasks. Different strategies toward biomimicry have been described, namdy chemical, textural, mechanical, and functional interactions. Selected analytical methods, which allow investigating the success and extent of the respective modification, will be highlighted bdow. 

This chapter focuses on the use of nanotechnology in the development of cellulose and chitin nanoctystals and their novel biomedical applications. It consists of four main sections. The first section is a brief introduction. The second section focuses on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their preparation procedure, physical properties, and surface modifications. Cationic modification of CNCs is also presented to produce positively charged CNCs. Various bioapplications of CNCs in bionanocomposites, drug delivery, and biosensors are discussed as well. The third section focuses on chitin nanoctystals (CHNCs). Except for a short introduction on chitin and its structure, the methods of isolation and characterization of chitin are discussed and the surface modifications and properties of CHNCs are summarized. The applications of CHNCs as reinforcing fillers in nanocomposites and several biomedical applications are discussed. The fourth section is a summary and perspective highlighting the future directions on the application of these natural nanoctystals in various key industries related to biomedicine. 

The effects of chemical structure on polymer film properties and applications were reviewed. The uses of conductive polymers in the bioanalytical sciences and in biosensor applications were investigated. Synthesis, characterization, and applications of CPs were reported, and the main aspects of CPs in chemical sensors and biosensors were covered. The advantages and limitations of conductive polymers for different biomedical applications like tissue engineering, biosensors, drug delivery, and bioactuators were reported. Different preparation methods for conductive polymers and the use of conductive pol5miers for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications were reviewed. ... 

Tailored characterization methods for the SME were also developed for biomedical applications, such as for stents. A mechanical key characteristic for vascular stents is to withstand the compressive radial stresses over the lifetime of the application, i.e., maintain desirable thermomechanical characteristics with respect to recovery and deployment [63]. In a study on this topic, SME characterization methods were applied to a shape-memory stent from polymer networks, synthesized via photopolymerization of fert-butyl acrylate and PEG dimethacrylate [72]. The free recovery response of polymer stents at body temperature was studied as a function of Tg, crosslinking density, geometrical perforation, and deformation temperature. 

In this volume the basic principles of shape-memory polymers and shape-memory polymer composites, as well as the related characterization methods are described. Furthermore, an overview of the application spectrum for SMP is presented, whereby special emphasis is given to biomedical applications. 

Further, it is worth noting that much of the concepts and methods developed for characterizing the surface chemistry of solid materials of interest in heterogeneous catalysis may be used for a better understanding of the structure and properties of solid materials of interest in other fields of the material science as for instance the materials for biomedical applications (bioactive glasses, biosensors, materials for controlled drug release). 

Since latex dispersion application properties are related to the surface properties of the latex particles, there is a need for surface characterization of the particles at large. Historically, these types of systems have been applied as model colloids (Hearn et al, 1981) and therefore required well-characterized surfaces but as the sophistication of new coatings increase, the latex particle surfaces become more important from an industrial perspective. In addition to these applications the utilization of latex particles in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications has also contributed to the development of new surface characterization methods. The surface engineering, that is, variations in size, surface charge and surface hydrophobicity, of latex particles as colloidal carriers has been demonstrated to provide opportunities for the site-specific delivery of drugs (Ilium Davis, 1982). Surface... 

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