Tissues liver

Toxic effects often disappear after the cessation of the exposure, but they can also be permanent. The tissue s ability to regenerate is one of the most important factors that determines the nature of toxic effects. For example, liver tissue has a remarkable capacity to regenerate, and therefore liver injur> is often reversible. On the other hand, neuronal cells do not regenerate at all, thus neuronal injury is irreversible. It is true that neuronal cells can compensate for possible losses, but only to a minor degree. In particular, chronic effects tend to be irreversible. ... 

In 1932 Krebs was studying the rates of oxidation of small organic acids by kidney and liver tissue. Only a few substances were active in these experiments —notably succinate, fumarate, acetate, malate, and citrate (Figure 20.2). Later it was found that oxaloacetate could be made from pyruvate in such tissues, and that it could be further oxidized like the other dicarboxylic acids. 

Following the action of extraordinary stimulants (hypoxic hypoxia, hypoxia + hyperoxia, hypodynamia + hyperthermia), animals demonstrate an accumulation of malonic dialdehyde with a simultaneous fall of antiradical activity of the liver tissue. A preliminary introduction to rats of acetylene amine 3,4,5-tris(morpho-linopropynyl)-l-methylpyrazole 103 and also of tocopherol antioxidant and gutumine antihypoxant averts activation of the lipid peroxidation processes. The inhibition of peroxidation with this agent is mediated by stabilization of ly-zosomal and mitochondrial membranes. Unsaturated amines prevent destruction of the organelle membranes provoked by UV irradiation and incubation at 37°C (pH4.7)(78MIl). 

For light microscopic examination, liver tissue was fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In some cases, preparations were stained with PTAH (phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin), by the Van Gieson method and the PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)... 

Figure 30-13. Alternative pathways of phenylalanine catabolism in phenylketonuria. The reactions also occur in normal liver tissue but are of minor significance.

Another common liver disease, alcoholic liver damage produced by moderate to heavy alcoholic intake, is also reflected by an elevation of the serum GOT and GPT activities. The serim glutamyl transferase activity is reported to be a sensitive index of alcoholic intake and can serve to monitor persons on alcoholic withdrawal programs (60). The LD-5 isoenzyme arises mainly from liver tissue, but has a short half-life (61), which is about 1/5 and 1/2 of the half life of the transaminases, GPT and GOT respectively. Some authors consider that a normal LD-5 isoenzyme activity in a jaundiced patient is sufficient evidence to exclude primary liver disease and that obstruction is probably responsible for the jaundice (62). In hemolytic jaundice the LDH-1 and 2 isoenzymes are elevated. 

Evenson, M. A. and Anderson, C. T., Jr. Ultramlcro Analysis for Copper, Cadmium and Zinc In Human Liver Tissue by Use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and the Heated Graphite Tube Atomizer". Clin. Chem. (1975), 2, 537-543. 

Mackey EA, Demiralp R, Fitzpatrick KA, Porter BJ, Wise SA, Becker PR and Greenberg RR (1999) Quality assurance in analysis of cryogenically stored liver tissue specimens from the NIST National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB). Sci Total Environ 226 165-176. 

Binding affinity inhibition constant X (tiM) versus [ HJoxytocin in rat uterine tissue. Binding affinity inhibition constant Kj (tiM) versus [ HJarginine vasopressin in rat liver tissue. Binding affinity inhibition constant AT (tiM) versus [ H] arginine vasopressin in rat kidney tissue. 

Binding affinity IC50 (nM), concentration required for half-maximal inhibition of binding of [ H]arginine vasopressin to rat liver tissue. 

Nucleic acid extraction protocols using guanidine hydrochloride, sodium sarco-syl, and ethanol have been developed to quantify viral RNA by bDNA in lymph node tissue, liver tissue, and peripheral blood monocytes (Wilber and Urdea, 1995). 

Cortical exch. volume / cortical nonexch. volume Trabecular exch. volume / trabecular nonexch. volume Cortical exch. volume / cortical surface Trabecular exch. volume / trabecular surface Cortical nonexch. volume / diffusible plasma Trabecular nonexch. volume / diffusible plasma Cortical surface / diffusible plasma Trabecular surface/diffusible plasma Cortical surface/ cortical exch. volume Trabecular surface/ trabecular exch. volume Liver / tissue 4.6 4.6 18.5 18.5 0.082-8.22 0.049-8.22 650 650 350 350... 

Secchi GC, Erba L, Cambiaghi G. 1974. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, activity of erythrocytes and liver tissue in man Relationship to lead exposure. Arch Environ Health 28 130-132. 

Estimated based on published protein expression (19) and converted to total number of subunit active sites per g of liver tissue. The Michaelis-Menton parameters for ethanol oxidation at pH 7.5 were utilized to calculate individual isozyme activities as a total activity per g of tissue and then normalized as a percent of total activity per pg of tissue following summation of all isozyme activities... 

Figure 20.8 Identifications of spectral counts, peptide sequences, and proteins in archival FFPE liver tissue across a time course of increasing fixation time. Reproduced with permission from Reference 20.

Chaudhuri, A.R., de Waal, E.M., Pierce, A., Van Remmen, H., Ward, W.F., and Richardson, A. (2007) Detection of protein carbonyls in aging liver tissue A fluorescence-based proteomic approach. Mech. Ageing Dev. 127(11), 849-861. 

M muscle tissue L liver tissue WF whole fish... 

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