Film formation and properties

Sharma RK, Singh G, Shul YG, Kim H (2007) Mechanism of manganese (mono and di) telluride thin-film formation and properties. Physica B 390 314-319... 

Xylan accounts for roughly one-third of renewable biomass available on earth but does not have enough applications in the industry. Xylan has been found to form films, and to improve the film formation and properties, xylan has been blended with other natural polymers (Table 9.2). The aim has been to create biodegradable materials with strong interactions, enhanced mechanical performance, and decreased water vapour permeability. 

Steward PA, Hearn J, Wilkinson MC. An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2000 86(3) 195-267. Available from PM 10997764. 

Zhang J, Burt DP, Whitworth AL, Mandler D, Unwin PR (2009) Polyaniline Langmuir-Blodgett films formation and properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys ll(18) 3490-3496. doi 10.1039/b819809h... 

An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties with extensive references on this important topic has been provided by Steward et al. [524], who state that the current market driver is the need to find alternatives for solvent-based systems with their adverse environmental impact. This field has been studied for more than 50 years, and yet the mechanisms of formation of water insoluble coatings from polymers in aqueous solution is still a subject of interest, aided in no small part by various microscopies, especially the advent of SPM. 

Zhang, J., BmL D. R, Whitworth, A. L., Mandler, D., Unwin, P. R. Polyaniline Langmuir-Blodgett films Formation and properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2W9,11, 3490. 

Oilseed proteins are used as food ingredients at concentrations of 1—2% to nearly 100%. At low concentrations, the proteins are added primarily for their functional properties, eg, emulsification, fat absorption, water absorption, texture, dough formation, adhesion, cohesion, elasticity, film formation, and aeration (86) (see Food processing). Because of high protein contents, textured flours and concentrates are used as the principal ingredients of some meat substitutes. 

Passivating inhibitors act in two ways. First they can reduce the passivating current density by encouraging passive film formation, and second they raise the cathodic partial current density by their reduction. Inhibitors can have either both or only one of these properties. Passivating inhibitors belong to the group of so-called dangerous inhibitors because with incomplete inhibition, severe local active corrosion occurs. In this case, passivated cathodic surfaces are close to noninhibited anodic surfaces. 

Because of their surfactant and filming properties fatty amines such as coco-alkylamine acetate (and more especially diamines, such as tallow propylenediamine) are also occasionally employed in other types of water treatment programs. For example, they may be used as corrosion inhibitors for steel cooling systems, especially those smaller units where minimal operational control is provided. The amines must be continuously dosed to ensure good film formation (and thus corrosion protection), typically at 5 to 10 ppm active amine. They also tend to have good biostatic control properties, which provide a benefit of algal and bacterial control at no extra cost. 

Hu, X. L., Studies on the Formation and Properties of Ultra-Organic Thin Films on the Magnetic Head, Ph.D. Thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 2005. 

Poor flow properties and poor film formation no properties determined... 

The state of the art in friction and wear of PTFE-filled rubbers include the effects of many important system parameters, such as the composition of the rubber formulation, particle dispersion, bulk mechanical properties, ability of transfer film formation, and the chemistry between PTFE powder and the rubber matrix. Although the present study has explicitly highlighted the potential of PTFE powder in rubber matrixes with significant property improvements in the friction, wear, and physical properties, it has simultaneously opened a new field regarding the use of PTFE powder in rubber compounds, with some challenging tasks for chemists, engineers, and material scientists. 

Leman, I, Kinsella, J.E. (1989). Surface activity, film formation, and emulsifying properties of milk proteins. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 28, 115-138. 

The PVA-Iodine complexes formed in PVA films soaked in iodine-KI aqueous solutions without boric acid are studied from the structural point of view. First, iodine soaking at comparatively low iodine concentrations is studied where iodine sorption takes place mostly in the amorphous phase. There, our interest is concentrated on the following problems What happens in PVA films during iodine soaking How does the solid structure of PVA films affect the formation and properties of the complex How does the chain extension affect the complex formation and properties What is the structure of the complex formed in the amorphous phase Then iodine soaking at high iodine concentrations is studied where iodine sorption takes place in the crystal phase as well as in the amorphous phase. 

In this manuscript, the author would like to review the structural studies, made by his group, on the PVA-Iodine complexes formed in PVA films soaked in iodine-KI solutions. This review starts with what happens during soaking of PVA films in iodine, discusses next the effects of structure and extension of PVA films on the formation and properties of complexes, and ends with the structures of the complexes. 

Starch is an abundant, inexpensive polysaccharide that is readily available from staple crops such as com or maize and is thus is mostly important as food. Industrially, starch is also widely used in papermaking, the production of adhesives or as additives in plastics. For a number of these applications, it is desirable to chemically modify the starch to increase its hydrophobicity. Starch modification can thus prevent retrodegradation improve gel texture, clarity and sheen improve film formation and stabilize emulsions [108], This may, for example, be achieved by partial acetylation, alkyl siliconation or esterification however, these methods typically require environmentally unfriendly stoichiometric reagents and produce waste. Catalytic modification, such as the palladium-catalyzed telomerization (Scheme 18), of starch may provide a green atom-efficient way for creating chemically modified starches. The physicochemical properties of thus modified starches are discussed by Bouquillon et al. [22]. 

Dispersions of starch have found wide use in papermaking and paper conversion due to their unique properties, viz., low-cost renewable adhesive, controlled viscosity, specific rheological characteristics, water-holding properties, electrostatic charge, film formation and bonding after drying. 

The photochemistry of LC polymers is not only interesting for fundamental reasons (vide supra) but because they can perhaps be formed into useful materials— films, fibers, rods, etc., with specifically tailored mechanical and/or optical properties. Their photochemical reactions may be used to modify these properties in an easily controlled, switchable manner. There is already a considerable body of knowledge on the possible practical applications of a few photochemical reactions of LC polymers. Such possible applications are discussed elsewhere [1-6] and are only briefly touched upon in this chapter. Furthermore, this chapter does not include an extensive compilation of information about the many types of LC polymers, the many methods used to synthesize and process these materials, their detailed properties, and the theoretical basis of their formation and properties. The reader is referred elsewhere [7,8] to capable reviews of these topics. However, a brief introductory review of the main types of LC polymers and their properties that are especially relevant to their photochemistry is given in Section II. 

Relationship between black foam film formation and the properties of the... 

Chemical reactions between the metal and the a-Si H film influence the formation and properties of the barrier. Many metals are known to react with silicon to form silicides. Fig. 9.3 shows a change in the J-V... 

The research on the structural behavior of emulsion polymers has been greatly influenced recently by colloid chemistry. Surface charges, particle morphology, film formation, flow properties, and interactions with organic solvents and monomers have been studied. Of particular... 

A metal CMP process involves an electrochemical alteration of the metal surface and a mechanical removal of the modified film. More specifically, an oxidizer reacts with the metal surface to raise the oxidation state of the material, which may result in either the dissolution of the metal or the formation of a surface film that is more porous and can be removed more easily by the mechanical component of the process. The oxidizer, therefore, is one of the most important components of the CMP slurry. Electrochemical properties of the oxidizer and the metal involved can offer insights in terms of reaction tendency and products. For example, relative redox potentials and chemical composition of the modified surface film under thermodynamically equilibrium condition can be illustrated by a relevant Pourbaix diagram [1]. Because a CMP process rarely reaches a thermodynamically equilibrium state, many kinetic factors control the relative rates of the surface film formation and its removal. It is important to find the right balance between the formation of a modified film with the right property and the removal of such a film at the appropriate rate. 

These effects of particle size and shape have all been described in connection with dispersions, pastes, greases or loose powders, in which particles remain separated. The effects of particle dimensions on the formation and properties of films are far less clear. The process of film formation as described in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, would seem likely to benefit from large particle size, for a number of reasons. Large particles would presumably embed more effectively in substrate surfaces. Subsequently large particles would experience higher rotational couples than small ones during the orientation process. Finally, once the surface is fully oriented, a... 

The fundamental aspects of the formation and properties of burnished films have been discussed in detail in Chapters 6 and 7. At this point it is proposed only to describe some practical factors in the preparation and use of burnished films produced directly from powder. 

---