Carbon material

The search for new anode materials that satisfy the requirements of commercial lithium ion batteries has been a long-standing challenge in industrial and academic research. 

In lithium rechargeable batteries carbon materials are used that function as a lithium reservoir at the negative electrode. Reversible intercalation, or insertion, of lithium into the carbon host lattice avoids the problem of lithium dendrite formation and provides a large improvement in terms of cycleability and safety (111). 

Non-graphitic carbon materials that can be obtained from synthetic polymers by pyrolysis are of particular interest. The capacities of carbonaceous materials are summarized in Table 8.11. 

ABS decomposes in a rapid single step reaction, which is complete around 600°C. Disordered carbon materials were synthesized by the pyrolysis of ABS at 600,700,800 and 900°C in an argon atmosphere. The heating rate was l°C/min for a soak period of 1 h. 

X-ray diffraction studies suggested a disordered carbon structure with a large number of single layer carbon sheets. 

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In addition to the many applications of SERS, Raman spectroscopy is, in general, a usefiil analytical tool having many applications in surface science. One interesting example is that of carbon surfaces which do not support SERS. Raman spectroscopy of carbon surfaces provides insight into two important aspects. First, Raman spectral features correlate with the electrochemical reactivity of carbon surfaces this allows one to study surface oxidation [155]. Second, Raman spectroscopy can probe species at carbon surfaces which may account for the highly variable behaviour of carbon materials [155]. Another application to surfaces is the use... 

Most of the detergent range alcohols used commercially consist of mixtures of alcohols, and a wide variety of products is available. Table 6 shows the approximate carbon chain length composition of both the commonly used mixtures and single carbon materials typical properties are given ia Table 7. 

Potential areas of apphcation for carboranes include adhesives, gaskets, and O-rings (27). Research has been reported on improving the oxidation resistance and strength of carbon materials by coating with a carborane siloxane polymer (36). 

Carbon—graphite materials do not gall or weld even when mbbed under excessive load and speed. Early carbon materials contained metal fillers to provide strength and high thermal conductivity, but these desirable properties can now be obtained ia tme carboa—graphite materials that completely eliminate the galling teadeacy and other disadvantages of metals. 

Refractories in the Aluminum Industry. Carbon materials are used in the HaH-Heroult primary aluminum cell as anodes, cathodes, and sidewalls because of the need to withstand the corrosive action of the molten fluorides used in the process (see Aluminumand aluminum alloys). 

Production of one metric ton of molten aluminum requites about 500 kg of anode carbon and 7.5—10 kg of cathode blocks which is the largest industry usage of carbon materials. Aluminum smelters generally have an on-site carbon plant for anode production. Anode technology is focused on taw materials (petroleum coke and coal-tar pitch), processing techniques, and todding practices (74). 

There are many applications for diamonds and related materials, e.g., diamondlike carbon films, and there are potential applications for Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes that have not yet been realised. However, the great majority of engineering carbons, including most of those described in this book, have graphitic microstructures or disordered graphitic microstructures. Also, most engineering carbon materials are derived firom organic precursors by heat-treatment in inert atmospheres (carbonisation). A selection of technically-... 

Thus in this chapter on ACF we are dealing with the overlap or intersection of two classes of carbon materials carbon fibers and active carbons. This is illustrated in the Venn diagram. Fig. 1, which is based on a classification of carbon materials recommended by lUPAC [11]. 

Fig. 1. Venn diagram illustrating where active carbon fibers lie in the classification of carbon materials.

Edie, D. D. and McHugh, J. J., High performance carbon fibers. In Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies, ed. T. D. Burchell, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1999, pp. 119 138. 

Cook, T. L., Komodromos, C., Quinn, D. F. and Ragan, S., Adsorbent storage for natural gas vehicles. In Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies, ed. 

Edie, D. D. and Diefendorf, R. J., Carbon fiber manufacturing. In Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites, ed. J. D. Buckley and D. D. Edie. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993, pp. 19 39. 

Jagtoyen, M., Lafferty, C., Kimber, G, and Derbyshire, F., Novel activated carbon materials for water treatment. In Proc The CARBON 96 Conf, 1996, pp. 328 329. 

The activated carbon materials are produced by either thermal or chemical activation as granular, powdered, or shaped products. In addition to the form of the activated carbon, the final product can differ in both particle size and pore structure. The properties of the activated carbon will determine the type of application for which the carbon will be used. 

It is clear that there is enormous activity in the the search for better and cheaper anode materials for Li-ion batteries. In fact, it is not certain at this time whether carbon will remain the material of choice for this application. Nevertheless, large strides toward the optimization and understanding of carbons for Li-ion batteries have been made in the last 5 to 10 years. If continued progress is made, we can expect to see carbon materials in Li-ion batteries for a long timx to come. 

T.D. Burchell, Radiation Damage in Carbon Materials. In Physical Processes of the Interaction of Fusion Plasmas with Solids, W.O. Hofer and J. Roth, Eds., 1996, Academic Press, pp. 341-382. 

T.D. Burchell and T. Oku, Materials Properties Data for Fusion Reactor Plasma Facing Carbon-Carbon Materials. Nuclear Fusion, 1994 5(Suppl.), 77 128. 

Because of their low thermal conductivity, high temperature capability, low cost, and neutron tolerance, carbon materials make ideal thermal insulators in nuclear reactor environments. For example, the HTTR currently under construction in Japan, uses a baked carbon material (Sigri, Germany grade ASR-ORB) as a thermal insulator layer at the base of the core, between the lower plenum graphite blocks and the bottom floor graphite blocks [47]. 

Roth, E.P., Watson, R.D., Moss, M. and Drotning, W.D., Thermophysical properties of advanced carbon materials for tokamak limiters, Sandia Report No. SAND 88-2057, UC-423, 1989. 

In 1994 the Oak Ridge National Laboratory hosted an American Carbon Society Workshop entitled Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies . The inspiration for this book came from that workshop. By late 1995 a suitable group of contributors had been identified such that the scope of this book would be sufficiently broad to make a useful contribution to the literature. 

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