T cell stimulation

Thymostimulin (Europe) Thymic peptide extract T cell stimulant Cancer infection... 

Bestatin (Japan) Dipeptide Macrophage and T cell stimulant Acute myelosis leukemia... 

Isoprinosine (Europe) Inosinersalt complex T cell stimulant Infection... 

Thymopentin TP-5 (Italy Germany) Pentapeptide T cell stimulant Rheumatoid arthritis infection and cancer... 

Interleukin-3 (IL-3), a glycoprotein lympokine from T cells, stimulates the growth of murine mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from haemopoietic progenitor cells [71,153]. Thus, cultures of murine bone marrow or spleen cells supplemented with IL-3 have been shown to generate cells that have many of the characteristics of mucosal mast cells [71, 153]. The release of IL-3 in vivo... 

The first cytokines to be discovered were the interferons, detected in the supernatants of T cells stimulated with either antigen or mitogen. Indeed, these were the first cytokines to be used in clinical trials and the first to be registered as drugs. Three types have been identified ... 

Macisaac KD. Levine SS. Fraenkel E. von Boehmer H. Young RA Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation. Nature 2007 445 931-935. 

Maturation Status of Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Induction of Regulatory T Cells Dendritic cells (DCs) have long been regarded as key cells for the induction of immunity and are defined as natures adjuvants [1]. However, these function(s) are only assigned to DCs after proper maturation. Fully matured DCs express a multitude of MHC and other T-cell costimulatory molecules, which enable them to induce immune reactions. In contrast, non-activated tissue resident DCs have been shown not to possess these T-cell-stimulating capacities [1]. For this reason they were regarded as immature precursors that later become a real and fully developed DC after activation. 

Bruder D, Westendorf AM, Hansen W, Prettin S, Gruber AD, Qian Y, von Bohmer H, Mahnke K, Buer J On the edge of autoimmunity T-cell stimulation by steady-state dendritic cells prevents autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2005 54 3395-3401. 

George, S. K. Schwientek, T Holm, B. Reis, C. A. Clausen, H. Kihlberg, J. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialylated Glycopeptides Derived from Mucins and T-Cell Stimulating Peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11117-11125. 

Interleukin-2 (T-cell growth factor Fig. 30-6A) is secreted by some activated T-lymphocytes. This 133-residue largely helical protein is involved in generation of cytotoxic T-cells, stimulation of interferon release, and of release of a B-cell growth factor.269 Considerable excitement has accompanied the possibility of activating lymphocytes with IL-2 produced from cloned genes in bacteria to increase their ability to kill cancer cells. However, IL-2 is toxic, and this is limiting its use. See also Chapter 31, Section C. 

Yokota T, Otsuka K, Mosmann T, Banchereau J, et al. 1986. Isolation and characterization of a human interleukin cDNA clone, homologous to mouse B-cell stimulatory factor 1, that expresses B-cell and T-cell stimulating activities. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 83 5894-5898. 

IL-16. IL-16 was originally described as a lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (C4). It is produced by CD8+ T cells upon induction of lectins, histamine, or serotonin (LI). It is also produced by CD4+ T cells stimulated with lectins, antigen, or anti-CD3 antibodies (C5) and from eosinophils (L13), epithelial cells (C5), and mast cells (R8). Recently, IL-16 has been found to induce eosinophil chemotaxis (CIO), and plasma IL-16 is elevated in allergic rhinitis (PH). 

Fitzmaurice, C.J., Brown, L.E., Kronin, K., and Jackson, D.C. (2000) The geometry of synthetic peptide-based immunogens affects the efficiency of T cell stimulation by professional antigen-presenting cells. Int. Immunol. 12, 527-535. 

George SK, Schwientek T, Holm B, Reis CA, Clausen H, Kihlberg J, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialylated glycopeptides derived from mucins and T-cell stimulating peptides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123(45) 11117-25, 2001. 

Differences that matter Major cytotoxic T cell-stimulating minor histocompatibility antigens. Immunity 13(3), 333-344. 

Dendritic cells, which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APCs. Activated dendritic cells are especially potent Tu-cell activators because they express co-stimulatory molecules, such as B7 (the second signal required for T-cell stimulation and proliferation). 

Vantourout, P., Mookerjee-Basu, J., Rolland, C., Pont, F., Martin, H., Davrinche, C., Martinez, L.O., Ferret, B., Collet, X., Perigaud, C., Peyrottes, S., and Champagne, E. (2009). Specific requirements for Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell stimulation by a natural adenylated phosphoantigen. J Immunol 183 3848-3857. 

Causes cell death(lmmature Dendritic) (LT) Suppresses cytokine production (LT, ET) Co-stimulatory molecule expression (LT) Co-stimulatory T cell stimulation (LT) Decreases ... 

Helper T Cells Stimulate Cells That Display Foreign Peptides Bound to Class II MHC Proteins... 

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