Chemistry synthetic organic

They are stable compounds and are not decomposed by dilute acids or alkalis. They are frequently employed in synthetic organic chemistry for protecting the carbonyl group. 

Wagner-Zook, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1953 (J. Wiley Chapman and Hall). 

The regioselectivity benefits from the increased polarisation of the alkene moiety, reflected in the increased difference in the orbital coefficients on carbon 1 and 2. The increase in endo-exo selectivity is a result of an increased secondary orbital interaction that can be attributed to the increased orbital coefficient on the carbonyl carbon ". Also increased dipolar interactions, as a result of an increased polarisation, will contribute. Interestingly, Yamamoto has demonstrated that by usirg a very bulky catalyst the endo-pathway can be blocked and an excess of exo product can be obtained The increased di as tereo facial selectivity has been attributed to a more compact transition state for the catalysed reaction as a result of more efficient primary and secondary orbital interactions as well as conformational changes in the complexed dienophile" . Calculations show that, with the polarisation of the dienophile, the extent of asynchronicity in the activated complex increases . Some authors even report a zwitteriorric character of the activated complex of the Lewis-acid catalysed reaction " . Currently, Lewis-acid catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions is everyday practice in synthetic organic chemistry. 

The use of dienophile 5.1 also allows study of the effect of micelles on the Lewis-acid catalysed reaction. These studies are described in Section 5.2.2. and represent the first in-depth study of Lewis-acid catalysis in conjunction with micellar catalysis , a combination that has very recently also found application in synthetic organic chemistry . ... 

Section 8 1 Nucleophilic substitution is an important reaction type m synthetic organic chemistry because it is one of the mam methods for functional group transformations Examples of synthetically useful nucleophilic sub stitutions were given m Table 8 1 It is a good idea to return to that table and review its entries now that the details of nucleophilic substitution have been covered... 

An ability to form carbon-carbon bonds is fundamental to organic synthesis The addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes and ketones is one of the most frequently used reactions m synthetic organic chemistry Not only does it permit the extension of carbon chains but because the product is an alcohol a wide variety of subsequent func tional group transformations is possible... 

Corey was honored with the 1990 Nobel Prize for his achievements in synthetic organic chemistry... 

Organometallic compounds of copper were known for a long time before their versatil ity in synthetic organic chemistry was fully appreciated The most useful ones are the lithium dialkylcuprates which result when a copper(I) halide reacts with two equivalents of an alkyllithium in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran... 

As we 11 see later in this chapter and the next aldehydes and ketones are involved in many of the most used reactions m synthetic organic chemistry Where do aldehydes and ketones come from ... 

This reaction is simply the reverse of the reaction by which acetals are formed—acetal formation is favored by excess alcohol acetal hydrolysis by excess water Acetal for matron and acetal hydrolysis share the same mechanistic pathway but travel along that pathway m opposite directions In the following section you 11 see a clever way m which acetal formation and hydrolysis have been applied to synthetic organic chemistry... 

Enamines are used as reagents in synthetic organic chemistry and are involved in cer tain biochemical transformations... 

Aldol condensations are one of the fundamental carbon-carbon bond forming processes of synthetic organic chemistry Furthermore because the products of these aldol con densations contain functional groups capable of subsequent modification access to a host of useful materials is gamed... 

You have already had considerable experience with carbanionic compounds and their applications in synthetic organic chemistry The first was acetyhde ion m Chapter 9 followed m Chapter 14 by organometallic compounds—Grignard reagents for example—that act as sources of negatively polarized carbon In Chapter 18 you learned that enolate ions—reactive intermediates generated from aldehydes and ketones—are nucleophilic and that this property can be used to advantage as a method for carbon-carbon bond formation... 

The present chapter extends our study of carbanions to the enolate ions derived from esters Ester enolates are important reagents m synthetic organic chemistry The stabilized enolates derived from p keto esters are particularly useful... 

The value of diazonium salts m synthetic organic chemistry rests on two mam points Through the use of diazonium salt chemistry... 

In Chapter 4, on molecular symmetry, 1 have added two new sections. One of these concerns the relationship between symmetry and chirality, which is of great importance in synthetic organic chemistry. The other relates to the connection between the symmetry of a molecule and whether it has a permanent dipole moment. 

Synthetics. The lack of spice products to satisfy demand and the wide variation in price and availabihty have caused the manufacture of selected synthetics, chemically identical to the component in the natural spice, to replace the vital components of some spices. However, synthetic organic chemistry is not yet able to manufacture economically the many homologous piperine [94-62-2] components in black pepper or those capsaicin [404-86-4] amides in... 

DMF is used extensively as a solvent, reagent, and catalyst in synthetic organic chemistry. Several comprehensive reviews describe its uses in this area (30—32). 

C. H. Wong and G. M. Whitesides, Enyymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Tariytown, N.Y., 1992. 

Organic Reagents. Amine oxides are used ia synthetic organic chemistry ia the preparation of olefins, or phase-transfer catalysts (47), ia alkoxylation reactions (48), ia polymerization, and as oxidizing agents (49,50). 

Tertiary stibines have been widely employed as ligands in a variety of transition metal complexes (99), and they appear to have numerous uses in synthetic organic chemistry (66), eg, for the olefination of carbonyl compounds (100). They have also been used for the formation of semiconductors by the metal—organic chemical vapor deposition process (101), as catalysts or cocatalysts for a number of polymerization reactions (102), as ingredients of light-sensitive substances (103), and for many other industrial purposes. 

Perkin s discovery of mauveine in 1856 led to a flurry of activity in synthetic organic chemistry in England, which spread to Germany, and flourished through the last half of the nineteenth century, one of the richest periods for synthetic organic chemistry. During this time many synthetic organic methods were developed which are still used today. 

Tertiary bismuthines appear to have a number of uses in synthetic organic chemistry (32), eg, they promote the formation of 1,1,2-trisubstituted cyclopropanes by the iateraction of electron-deficient olefins and dialkyl dibromomalonates (100). They have also been employed for the preparation of thin films (qv) of superconducting bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (101), as cocatalysts for the polymerization of alkynes (102), as inhibitors of the flammabihty of epoxy resins (103), and for a number of other industrial purposes. 

B. Clapham, T.S. Reger and K.D. Janda, Polymer-supported Catalysis in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Tetrahedron 57 4637-4662 2007. 

S.J. Shuttleworth, S.M. Allin and P.K. Sharma, Functionalised Polymers - Recent Developments and New Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Synthesis 1217-1239 7997. 

A vast variety of perfluoroalkanesulfonic esters are known, and their application in synthetic organic chemistry is increasing rapidly (for a comprehensive review, see reference 66) These compounds are readily available by the reaction of organic halides with silver perfluoroalkanesulfonate or by the reaction of an alcohol with the corresponding perfluoroalkanesulfonic anhydride or chloride Alkyl per-fluoroalkanesulfonates are powerful alkylating reagents because of the excellent... 

Fluorinated organic reagents are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry Following are several examples... 

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