Impact environmental

The environmental impact of disposable plastic wastes is growing rapidly worldwide [16] however, current disposal methods are insufficient. Incineration can generate toxic air pollution, and satisfactory landfill sites are limited. The cost of petroleum-based plastics is also steadily increasing and most countries must import these resources therefore, focus should be directed on disposal, renewable resources and the recycling of plastic materials [17, 18]. 

Discarded material from industries and society can be utilised via the following methods for disposal  

The environmental impact of a dredging and land reclamation project has been discussed in a general matter only in this Manual. Issues involved are fines content of discharge water, turbidity around the dredger, noise generation, impact on fauna and flora. For more information, reference is made to specialized literature such as Bray 2008, Environmental aspects of dredging. 

The criteria applicable to dredging and reclamation relate to good dredging practice and any pollution caused by operations shall be minimized. 

The Contractor shall take all necessary preventive measures to minimize water pollution and mitigate effects on the environment of other vessels at or in vicinity of the Working Area. 

The run-off water from the reclamation areas shall be discharged via temporary stilling ponds if necessary, to ensure that it is clean and free 

The specified turbidity value of the run-off water depends on local environmental requirements and physical conditions such as  

After closing the material and heat balances, we will examine the potential environmental impact (PEI) of the design. The basic information is the stream report. Table 5.16 shows material- and heat-balance data for a fresh feed of 150kmol/h phenol and 350kmol/h hydrogen, in total 14822.5kg/h. The products are cyclohexanone 9618.9 and 5017.9 cyclohexanol in the molar ratio 2 1. After simulation it is found that the amount of waste is 150.6 kg/h lights and 80 kg/h heavies. These data lead to a global yield of raw materials of 98.75%. 

For analyzing the potential impact of a conceptual design we make use of the package WAR (Waste Reduction Algorithm) developed by the Environment Protection Agency in the USA [23]. The graphical interface allows the user to enter information for different alternatives, or to import it from a process simulator. Input data includes the chemicals species, the flow rates of the charac- 

The WAR algorithm involves the concept of a potential environmental impact (PEI) balance. The PEI indices provide a relative indication of the environmental friendliness or unfriendliness of a chemical process. These are  

HTPE - human toxicity potential by inhalation or dermal exposure, 

HTPI and HTPE characterize the toxicity of materials with respect to ingestion and inhalation. TTP and ATP point out harmful effects of pollution on soil and 

Manufacturers, users, and nongovernmental organizations (NGO) are constantly demanding environmental impact data for the materials used in the production of various items. Environmental impact data, normally include items such as total energy used, green house gas emissions (GHG), toxic elements released, biological 

Environmental impact data for some materials of different densities including glass fibers, natural fibers, polymers, and composites are compiled from Refs [26-28] and are listed in Table 7.7. It is dear that the type of the polymer matrix would be the controlling factor for the environmental impact of composites based on either natural fibers or glass fibers. Data from Ref. [26] suggest that pallets made of natural fiber/PP are environmentally superior to similar pallets made from glass fiber/PP. However, 

Fibers Flax 0.34 Hackled long fibers, value might be too low, since production of used pesticides is not taken into account 

Matrix materials EP resin 10.2 Including extraction of raw materials, transport, and production, mean European data 

1 Piggott, M.R. (1980) Chapter 3, in Load-Bearing Fibre Composites, Pergamon Press Inc., Oxford, England. 

Magnesium ion poses no threat to the environment and in fact may have a beneficial impact as it is a minor nutrient essential for plant growth. Accidental spills of magnesium hydroxide will not create any significant damage since the material is not caustic. Spills of lime, hydrated lime, and sodium hydroxide are very caustic chemicals and can cause immediate environmental damage, both to plant and animal life. 

Stressed vegetation is evident at numerous places throughout the site. Arsenic is a known herbicide, and these areas need further assessment to determine if arsenic is causing the problem. Fish tissue studies from the Potomac River indicate arsenic contamination. Further sampling must be done to assure the District of Columbia that the site is not the source for this arsenic. 

Reduction in nitrogen excretion is often set equal to a reduction in nitrogen emission. This is only true in those cases where the excess nitrogen in the commercial fertiliser can be caught and retained in the agricultural nutrient cycle. If the nutrients are, however, discharged from the cycle and emitted 

See Hormones, brain oligopeptides Neuroregulators Opioids, endogenous. 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th Edition) 

The significant impact of environmental regulations in the 1990s on industry in general, and the chemical industry in particular, is indisputable. Public awareness of the need to avoid endangerment of the natural systems that support life on earth, ie, the atmosphere (see Air POLLUTION Airpollution 

CONTROL methods Atmospheric modeling), water (qv), soil, and living things, has also intensified. 

The impact of environmental issues is apparent within the majority of Encyclopedia articles having counterparts in previous editions. For example, the effect of environmental concerns on manufacturing and other processes is evident in articles such as Alkali and chlorine products, Electroplating, Mineral recovery and processing, and Petroleum. Concern about the environment has also played a role in the types and quantities of materials produced 

Similar arguments can be developed for research into animal welfare, human health, rural employment, and contributions to the rural economy. The most urgent need for research in these areas is to produce evidence to support the commonly-made assertions that organic farming is beneficial in all of them - assuming that there is, indeed, evidence to give such support (see MAFF 1995). 

However, one should not get trapped into sweeping generalisations about either organic or conventional farming. There is enormous variation in both, in species and varieties used, level of intensity, scale, soil type, climate and weather, productivity and profitability. This is true within a country but, of course, the variation between countries may be enormous and both research needs and institutions (see Table 12.5 for European examples) will differ greatly. 

France GRAB - Groupe de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique 

Greece SOGE - Association of Organic Agriculture of Greece 

Italy AIAB - Associazione Italiana per F Agricoltura Biologjca 

There will be a period of time (months, possibly a year or more) after the dumping in a landfill of each container of waste when there is enough access of 

In commercial composting, it is essential that good qualify material is produced. It must look good, and this means that no unsightly pieces of intact plastic may 

Polyethylene and polypropylene films, bags, containers and ofiier articles made using EPFs TDPA technology meet all the essential requirements.  

Discarded plastics are a serious problem in fireshwater as well as marine environments. The difficulties in addressing this situation include the complexity of identifying the origins of this pollution and the variety of plastics involved. Partial alleviation of these problems can be envisaged for those short use-life items that are or could be made fi om polyolefins. If these products are made fi-om oxo-biodegradable polyolefins, then the combination of heat, sunlight and 

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Since process design starts with the reactor, the first decisions are those which lead to the choice of reactor. These decisions are among the most important in the whole design. Good reactor performance is of paramount importance in determining the economic viability of the overall design and fundamentally important to the environmental impact of the process. In addition to the desired products, reactors produce unwanted byproducts. These unwanted byproducts create environmental problems. As we shall discuss later in Chap. 10, the best solution to environmental problems is not elaborate treatment methods but not to produce waste in the first place. 

Batch processes can be synthesized by first synthesizing a continuous process and then converting it to batch operation. The process yield is an important measure of both raw materials efficiency and environmental impact. 

Once the life-cycle inventory has been quantified, we can attempt to characterize and assess the eflfects of the environmental emissions in a life-cycle impact analysis. While the life-cycle inventory can, in principle at least, be readily assessed, the resulting impact is far from straightforward to assess. Environmental impacts are usually not directly comparable. For example, how do we compare the production of a kilogram of heavy metal sludge waste with the production of a ton of contaminated aqueous waste A comparision of two life cycles is required to pick the preferred life cycle. 

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

If no prior drilling activities have been recently carried out in the area, usually an environmental impact assessment (EIA) will be carried out as a first step. An EIA is usually undertaken to ... 

Many techniques have been developed for management of the safety and environmental impact of operations, and much science is applied to these areas. The objective of this section is to demonstrate how the practising engineer can have a significant impact on these aspects of a field development, and that safety and the environment should be the concerns of all employees. 

Management of the environmental impact of projects is of major concern in the oil and gas industry, not only to meet the legislative requirements in host countries, but is also viewed as good business because it is ... 

The results of the assessment are documented in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which discusses the beneficial and adverse impacts considered to result from the activity. The report is one component of the information upon which the decision maker ultimately makes a choice. A final decision can be made with due regard being paid to the likely consequences of adopting a particular course of action, and where necessary by introducing appropriate monitoring programs. 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

One particular common piece of legislation worth noting is the requirement for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be performed prior to any appraisal or development activity. An EIA is used to determine what impact an activity would have on the natural environment (flora, fauna, local population), and will be used to modify the activity plan until no negative impact is foreseen. More details of the EIA are given in Section 4.0. 

Groundwater. One approach to minimizing the environmental impact of excess nitrogen in groundwater migrating into rivers and aquifers is to intercept the water with rapidly growing trees, such as poplars, that will use the contaminant as a fertilizer. 

Microbial processes can also detoxify mercury ions and organic compounds by reducing the mercury to the elemental form, which is volatile (86). This certainly reduces the environmental impact of compounds such as methylmercury, however, such a bioprocess would have to include a mercury capture system before it could be exploited on a large scale with pubHc support. 

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

LujuePed Gas Propellants. One of the advantages in using a Hquefied gas propeUant is that the pressure in the aerosol container remains constant until the contents are completely expeUed. The disadvantages are primarily ones of safety and environmental impact. 

Demilitarization and Disposal of Explosive Material. An important consequence of international agreements to greatiy reduce the stockpiles of conventional and nuclear munitions is the intensification of a program to develop procedures to destroy, recycle, and/or reclaim explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnic material efficientiy and without significant environmental impact. 

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

Neste patented an industrial route to a cellulose carbamate pulp (90) which was stable enough to be shipped into rayon plants for dissolution as if it were xanthate. The carbamate solution could be spun into sulfuric acid or sodium carbonate solutions, to give fibers which when completely regenerated had similar properties to viscose rayon. When incompletely regenerated they were sufficientiy self-bonding for use in papermaking. The process was said to be cheaper than the viscose route and to have a lower environmental impact (91). It has not been commercialized, so no confirmation of its potential is yet available. 

The Courtaulds Tencel Process. The increasing costs of reducing the environmental impact of the viscose process coupled with the increasing likelihood that the newer cellulose solvents would be capable of yielding a commercially viable fiber process led Courtaulds Research to embark on a systematic search for a new fiber process in the late 1970s. 

Rayon is unique among the mass produced man-made fibers because it is the only one to use a natural polymer (cellulose) directly. Polyesters, nylons, polyolefins, and acryflcs all come indirectly from vegetation they come from the polymerization of monomers obtained from reserves of fossil fuels, which in turn were formed by the incomplete biodegradation of vegetation that grew millions of years ago. The extraction of these nonrenewable reserves and the resulting return to the atmosphere of the carbon dioxide from which they were made is one of the most important environmental issues of current times. CeUulosic fibers therefore have much to recommend them provided that the processes used to make them have minimal environmental impact. 

The ceUulose polymer and its conversion routes have already proved to be capable of adaptation to meet a wide range of market demands. The advances being made in getting ceUulose into solution with minimal environmental impact augur weU for the development of streamlined routes from tree to fiber or fabric. 

Environmental impact studies on NE have been performed. Although undiluted NE inhibits seed growth, no effect on plant growth was observed when exposed to 6, 000 ppm-min of NE and only minor effects were observed at the 60, 000 ppm-min exposure level (41). Exposure of microbial populations to 25% NE in air for seven hours showed normal growth. NE is not an o2one-depleting gas (20). 

There are environmental concerns over the use of HE catalyst. The refining industry has taken steps to reduce the likelihood of an accidental release and to minimizp the environmental impact in the event of a release. As a result of these environmental concerns, most new units use sulfuric acid catalysts. 

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