Fiber flax

The flax fiber from the aimual plant IJnum usitatissimum (flax family, Liuaceae) has been used siuce ancient times as the fiber for linen. The plant grows iu temperate, moderately moist climates, for example, iu Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, and Russia. The plant is also cultivated for its seed, from which linseed oil is produced. A by-product of the seed plant is the tow fiber used iu papermakiug. 

The use of flax fibers in car disc brakes as a replacement of asbestos fibers is another example of an application of this type of material [7]. 

In recent years, prices for natural fibers were not stable, especially for flax fibers. Flax fibers, showing the highest values for strength (Table 2), are about 30% more expensive than glass fibers. Additionally, is price depends on the fiber preparation. Usually, glass fibers are delivered pretreated, i.e., treated with different sizes... 

Mieck et al. [13], and Mukherjee et al. [14] on different types of flax and pineapple fibers. Their results show that tensile strength of flax fibers is remarkably more dependent on the length of the specimen than are usual glass fibers (Fig. 3). In contrast, tensile strength of pineapple fibers is less dependent on the length. The dispersion of the measured values is located mainly in the range of the standard deviation. 

Figure 3 Dependence of tensile-strength on test length, flax fibers [70], and pineapple fibers [88] compared with textile glass-fibers [8].

Figure 16 Characteristic values of glass fiber and flax fiber SMC molded plastics (absolute values and in reference to density) [58].

Extrusion press processing (express processing) was developed for the production of flax fiber-reinforced PP at the research center of Daimler Benz (Ulm, Germany) [62]. In this processing, natural fiber nonwovens and thermoplastic melt-films are alternatively deposited in a tempered molding tool and molded afterwards. The thermoplastic melt-films are laid on by a mobile extruder. If thi.s process is optimally adapted to the element, a single passage by the extruder suffices. The structural order consists of three layers two layers of... 

Table 13 Mechanical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Biologically Degradable Polymers (BDG) [72]...

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

Calutron separator, 25 415—416 Calycanthine, 2 99 Cambium, in flax fiber, 11 597 Cambridge Crystallographic Database, 6 9-10... 

CIE color system, 7 304. See also Commission Internationale de l clairage (CIE) chromacity diagrams, 7 313-315 standard illuminants, 7 315-316 CIEDE200 color difference equation, 7 322 CIELAB, 7 304 CIELAB Color Space, 7 320 CIELAB color values, of flax fiber, 11 614t Cielab dye nomenclature system, 9 244 CIELAB Metric Color Spaces, 7 320 CIELAB system, 19 428, 451 CIELUV Color Space, 7 319-320 CIE Standard Observer, 7 311-312 Cigarette filters... 

Core technologies, 21 625-626, 629 Core tissues, in flax fiber, 11 597-598 Corex process, 14 520-521 Corey-Pauling-Kolton (CPK) surfaces, 16 732... 

Enzymatic resolution, in oxazolidinone preparation, 17 739-740 Enzymatic stone-washing, 10 302 Enzymatic sweetener production, 10 286-287 Enzyme activity in flax fiber, 11 599... 

Flax fiber widths, image analysis of, 11 615 Flaxseed polysaccharide... 

Grading systems, for flax fiber, 77 617 Gradual failures, 26 981 Graduate students, role in facilitating research partnerships, 24 383 Graft copolymerization, 20 327. See also Graft polymerization Graft copolymers, 7 650-654 20 391 compatibilization efficiency of, 20 338 formation of, 23 395 in polymer blends, 20 324—325 in reactive compatibilization,... 

Immunocytochemical staining methods, for flax fiber, 11 599 Immunodiffusion, 14 136 Immunoelectrophoresis, 14 136... 

International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH), 12 151 International Society of Hypertension, on sodium restriction, 22 813 International Solvent Extraction Conferences (ISEC), 10 746, 766 International Standard (ISO) 2370, for flax fiber, 11 614, 616, 617... 

Mechanical bonding, 16 176 Mechanical carryover, 23 220 Mechanical cleaning, of flax fiber,... 

Reimer-Tiemann reaction, 6 236 of salicylic acid, 22 5 Reinforced composites flax fiber in, 22 594 silylating agents and, 22 701-703 Reinforced plastics, 26 750-751 asbestos applications, 3 311 Reinforced polyester composites, 20 114 Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM), 25 456 Reinforcement... 

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