Land reclamation

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

Le Hou ou, H.N., The role of cacti Opuntia spp.) in erosion control, land reclamation, rehabilitation and agricultural development in the Mediterranean basin, J. Arid Environ., 33, 135, 1996. 

Better understanding of these mechanisms and those that regulate transfer to the plant is needed so that they can be exploited in land reclamation and soil... 

At some plants the blast furnace dust is recycled as feedstock to the sinter plant. At plants without sintering operations, blast furnace dust is sometimes mixed with other byproduct residues, briquetted, and recycled back to the blast furnace. In other plants, the dust is landfilled or stockpiled.1 Several techniques are available for removing the zinc and lead. The majority of blast furnace sludge is land disposed as solid waste or stockpiled. Because of the similarity between wastewater sludges generated by sinter plants and blast furnaces, these streams are commingled and cotreated.1 The blast furnace slag is cooled and processed to be reused for various applications such as onsite in-land reclamation and landfill construction. 

Skousen, J. Rose, A. Geidel, G. Foreman, J. Evans, R., Heller, W. 1998. A handbook of technologies for avoidance and remediation of acid mine drainage. Natl. Mine Land Reclamation Center,... 

Verma DK, Shaw DS, McLean JD. 1992. An evaluation of airborne concentrations of selected hydrocarbons at an oil refinery land reclamation operation. Ann Occup Hyg 36(3) 307-315. 

Kruseman, G. P. and DeRidder, N. A., 1979, Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Bull. 11, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 200 pp. 

Dost H, van Breemen N, eds. 1983. Proceedings of the Bangkok Symposium on Acid Sulphate Soils. Wageningen International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. 

Poremba, M. 2003. Reclamation in Gateshead creating landscapes for people. In Moore, H. M., Fox, H. R. Elliott, S. (eds) Land Reclamation -Extending the Boundaries. Balkema, Lisse (NL), 101-107. 

Rimmer, D. L. Younger, A. 1997. Land reclamation after coal-mining operations. In Hester, R. E. Harrison, R. M. (eds) Contaminated Land and its Reclamation. Thomas Telford, London, 73—90. 

Table 11.11 Objectives of the sludge spreading in land reclamation (modified from EC, 2001c)...

In any case, sludge used for land reclamation and revegetation in field experiments is always treated sludge, in order to ensure sufficient disinfection and to reduce the presence of odours. 

Table 7. Scenarios of nutrient demand and supply by agriculture in SSA in 2005 and 2025. Values in % refer to shares of the respective total amounts available in each country (as calculated using Tables 5 and 6). Production in 2025 was assumed to be sufficient to meet domestic demand. Land reclamation was expected to contribute 15% of the increase, the remainder resulting from yield increases.

Land Reclamation and Ecology, 43/1, Baumanskaya ul., 105005 Moscow, Russia igorzonn mtu-net.ru... 

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