Host Countries

Even if geological conditions for the presence of hydrocarbons are promising, host country political and fiscal conditions must also be favourable for the commercial success of exploration ventures. Distance to potential markets, existence of an infrastructure, and availability of a skilled workforce are further parameters which need to be evaluated before a long term commitment can be made. 

Management of the environmental impact of projects is of major concern in the oil and gas industry, not only to meet the legislative requirements in host countries, but is also viewed as good business because it is ... 

This review outlines aspects of the various phases of Swiss chemistry from the introduction of alchemy in Western Europe, its transition to chemistry as a science and profession and the more recent practice. Attention is drawn to the large number of Swiss Nobel Laureates in chemistry and the contributions of Swiss physicists to chemical spectroscopy, from the days of Balmer. In all periods, Swiss chemistry has had European dimensions, and links can be traced to most host countries of previous Euroanalysis conferences and indeed to the next, at Lisbon, in AD 2000... 

To establish a reception centre and an OSOCC in the requesting State Party by the ACAT, which will later be reinforced by experts and specialists from States Parties The role of the OSOCC and its interaction with other relevant international organisations, assistance-offering States Parties, and the host country will be primarily in co-ordinating resources. This may be done, preferably through the conclusion of bilateral... 

Disposal methods at overseas military installations must be according to the laws of the host country. 

After the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl in 1986, Anatoly and other professors and physicians created a foundation, For the Children of Chernobyl. Their goal was to send children abroad for the summers for a reprieve from radiation exposure which impairs their immune systems and has resulted in unprecedented levels of thyroid cancer in children and adults. The first host country to respond to their call for help was India. Before long, the foundation was sending 30,000 children every summer to host families and programs in many countries, including Germany, England, Japan, the U.S., Spain, Italy and France. 

Share workshop results, via summaries and briefings, with a broader audience of scientists and decisionmakers in the host country and internationally. 

The different laboratories were often visited by those who became the pioneers of biochemistry in their home countries. An even greater cross-fertilization came in the 1930s in the U.K. and the U.S. from the arrival of biochemists from Europe. Their experience of techniques in intermediary metabolism laid the foundations for work in this area in their host countries in the 1940s and 1950s. 

U.S. multinational firms to a series of multilateral reforms of intellectual property rights regimes undertaken by 12 countries over the 1982-1999 period. They found that intellectual property rights regime changes result in increases in royalty payment flows to parent firms, and that some of the increased royalty flows represents the transfer of new technologies to the host country. 

The U.S. NBAC, CIOMS, and WMA all say that therapeutic studies should benefit the community where the research is done in exchange for their cooperation and to avoid exploitation. Affable advice such as "Clinical trials conducted in developing countries should be limited to those studies that are responsive to the health needs of the host country" (NBAC 2001) is insufficient to redirect First World researchers to priorities, products, or benefit sharing that benefits developing countries where First World research is conducted (Kass and Hyder 2001 NBAC 2001 Kass, Dawson, and Loyo-Berrios 2003). 

The "highest attainable" therapy is the best therapy that one could reasonably provide under the conditions of the trial. The "highest sustainable" therapy refers to the level of therapy that one could reasonably expect to be continued in the host country after the trial had been completed. That is, there should be a reasonable expectation that the provision of the therapy could be sustained with the resources that would be available after the external support provided by the trial sponsors had been discontinued. (Levine 1999)... 

The possibility of private access is almost nil given the extreme scarcity in many developing countries. But, availability can be proposed by previous agreements between researchers, sponsors, and the host country, or by reducing the price of the drugs in... 

The effects on Georgia from the implementation of the Shah Deniz and SCP projects are two-fold Firstly the SCP project will increase focus on Georgia as a beneficiary and host country because a large part of the investment in the SCP pipeline will be put on Georgia s territory. Secondly, the gas from Shah Deniz represents a new opportunity for Georgia to diversify its gas supply in the way that Russia will no longer remain the sole supplier of gas to Georgia. 

The SCP project will increase focus on Georgia as a beneficiary and host country because a large part of the investment in the SCP pipeline will be put on Georgia s territory. 

The high-risk investment environment associated with most gas-rich countries in Eurasia adversely affects the chances of particular projects being funded. An inadequate investment climate exacerbates concerns about security of gas supply, on the one hand, and increases the cost of capital for host countries, on the other hand. Gas-rich countries that are rated high risk pay an additional price due to decreased investment gas-poor countries pay additional price in the form of higher energy prices due to the increased cost of supply. In Table 11, an attempt is made to illustrate what the extra... 

Lesney MS (2004) Paints, Pigmenty, and Dyes. Chemical Engineering News - Enterprise of the Chemical Sciences supplement 82 29-32 Lessard DR, Lightstone JB (1986) Volatile exchange rates can put operations at risk. Harvard Business Review 64 107-114 Lewin AY, Seiford LM (1997) Extending the frontiers of Data Envelopment Analysis. Annals of Operations Research 73 1-11 Li H, Clarke-Hill CM (2004) Sino-British joint ventures in China Investment patterns and host country conditions. European Business Review 16 44-63... 

If the review is conducted overseas, two main issues may arise. Firstly, the local language may be inconsistent with available specific safety review software or a consultant, if used, may not be available in the host country language. A translator is sometimes used in these instances. Secondly, if a portable personal computer is used, its power requirements may be different both in voltages and plug connections. In these circumstances it is best to plan ahead and bring power converters, adapters and multiple outlet busbars. 

Overall, it is vital that agreements include information sessions of the research so that consent is granted and accountability between partnering institutions is transparent. At this point, the best way to ensure that benefits are to return to host countries, and property rights are respected, is by following the Bonn Guidelines to adopt suitable and comprehensive ABS laws and practices at the national level. 

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