Invertebrates environmental impact

Apart from the importance of OP resistance in pest control, ecotoxicologists have become interested in the development of resistance as an indication of the environmental impact of insecticides. Thus, the development of esteratic resistance mechanisms by aquatic invertebrates may provide a measure of the enviromnental impact of OPs in freshwater (Parker and Callaghan 1997). 

The environmental impact programs carried out over the past decade have primarily been concerned with evaluating impacts on forest songbirds, small mammals, fish, aquatic invertebrates, honeybees, and non-target insects of various formulations of... 

Environmental Impacts Aldicarb is acutely toxic to mammals, and very highly toxic to birds, aquatic invertebrates and fish . 

Environmental Impacts Methyl parathion is highly toxic for aquatic invertebrates , and moderately toxic to mammals such as rats, dogs and rabbits . The chemical has been implicated in the deaths of waterfowl and the acute poisoning of fish, birds, cattle and wild animals. In 1995 a mixture of methyl parathion and endosulfan led to the death of over 240,000 fish in Alabama, when heavy rain washed the pesticides washed from the cotton fields and into rivers . 

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