Environmental impact/health

The pigment ultramarine blue is examined with respect to its environmental impacts, health hazards and safety. 

Trussell AR, Moncur JG, Lieu FY, et al. 1983. New developments in dynamic headspace analysis of halogenated organics. Water Chlorination Environmental Impact Health Effects 4 583-592,... 

I realize the importance of consideration for every substance used in each stage of any reaction. In a commercial operation, there is more than just the final product - by-products, wastes, cost effectiveness, efficiency, environmental impact, health and safety, etc. In a lab, the technician often deals with our waste, while most of our focus is on the progress and results. 

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

The fused 3+ ring aromatics in petroleum include both cata- and peri-condensed stmctures (see Table 4, Fig. 8). The cata-condensed species are those stmctures where only one face is shared between rings, the peri-condensed molecules are those that share more than one face. The fused ring aromatics form the class of compounds known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which includes a number of recognized carcinogens in the 4+ ring family (33). Because of the potential health and environmental impact of PAH, these compounds have been studied extensively in petroleum. 

J. C. Morris and R. A. Isaac, Water Chlorination Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 4, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1983, pp. 49-62. 

The safety and environmental impact of the production of industrial enzymes can be evaluated on three different levels, ie, the potential risk if the microorganisms, their products, or both are released into the environment the possible health hazards to staff working with the microorganisms, their products, or both and safety when products are used by the consumer. 

In-Depth Studies on Health and Environmental Impacts of Selected Water Pollutants, report on contract number 68-01-4646, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1978. 

QRA can be used to investigate many types of risks associated with chemical process facilities, such as the risk of economic losses or the risk of environmental impact. But, in health and safety applications, the use of QRA can be classified into two categories ... 

The principal shortcoming with SCREENS is the lack of graphical displays. Interactive graphics that enable plume tracking are invaluable in assessing potential environmental impacts and public health risks from episodic releases. There are a... 

Of major concern are the health and environmental impacts of the abundant chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons (ref. 2). These materials have numerous industrial applications as pesticides, solvents, propellants, refrigerants, plastics, fire retardants and extinguishers, disinfectants for drinking water, pharmaceuticals and electronic chemicals. Many chemical manufacturers utilize chlorinated and brominated organics as intermediates. It is estimated, for instance, that almost 85 % of the pharmaceuticals produced in the world require chlorine at some stage of synthesis. 

Keith LH, Hall RC, Hanisch RC, et al. 1983. New methods for gas chromatographic analysis of water pollutants. In Jolley RE, Brungs WA, Cotruvo JA, et al., eds. Water chlorination Environmental impact and health effects. Vol. 4(Bookl Chemistry and water treatment), Ann Arbor Science. Ann Arbor, MI The Butterworth Group, 563-582. 

The ECO method was developed to aid environmental impact and cost optimisation of chemical synthesis pathways or processes suitable for the research and development (R D) stage. In order to represent terms of ecological as well as economic sustainability, three objective functions which incorporate (i) energy demand (EF), (ii) risks concerning human health and the environment (EHF) and (iii) costs (CE), were defined. Their calculation follows the life cycle approach and is based on the data available already in R D. Because the application of a comprehensive LCA is both, too complex and based on data which are partially not available at the R D stage, the determination of the three objective functions is based on the SLCA approach extended by economic issues. The key objectives are introduced below. 

J.E. Ferguson, The Heavy Metals Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effect, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1990). 

Landfills are the physical facilities used for the ultimate disposal of residual solid wastes in the ground. In the past, the term sanitary landfill was used to denote a landfill in which the wastes were placed in the landfill and then covered at the end of daily operation. Today, sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impact. 

The waste streams created by utility systems tend, on the whole, to be less environmentally harmful than process waste. Unfortunately, complacency would be misplaced. Even though utility waste tends to be less harmful than process waste, the quantities of utility waste tend to be larger than process waste. This sheer volume can then result in greater environmental impact than process waste. Gaseous combustion products contribute in various ways to the greenhouse effect, acid rain and can produce a direct health hazard because of the formation of smog. The aqueous waste generated by utility systems can also be a major problem if it is contaminated. 

Further, the authors have carefully examined and documented the public health and environmental impacts of pesticide use in the USSR. The USSR was the largest country by territory in the world and the use of pesticide here was enormous. As the authors have shown, this happened mostly because the USSR s Communistic rulers decided at the end of the 1960 s — to turn all chemical weaponry plants (constructed in the beginning of the cold war) to pesticide production. With rich government subsidies, pesticides were distributed through all collective farms The Soviet official policy, the chemicalisation of agriculture, was an attempt to overcome its prominent ineffectiveness in crop production. 

The growing concerns about the public health and environmental impacts of pesticides have led many in the general public and the government to question whether all the benefits of pesticides, such as the perfect red apple, are worth the associated costs of environmental pollution, human illness and loss of life, bird kills, and the destruction of other beneficial natural organisms. Indeed, some agriculturists have been viewed as primarily concerned with promoting commercial interests rather than protecting public health and the environment. 

All of the conditions for an efficient market are being studied in different subbranches of economics. Environmental and health impacts are examples of the violation of the condition no external effects which is an area studied mainly by environmental economists. In other words, environmental problems are to an economist considered as a market failure, or more precisely a negative externality. 

Negative externalities arise when an action by an individual or a group implies harmful effects on others such as unintended dispersion of chemicals to land, air and water air pollution effects on health forest growth or fish reproduction. When negative externalities are generated they should be internalized into the market economy. By internalizing the externalities the economic value of environmental impacts are allocated to the pollution sources and included in the economics of the activities causing the problem. This would also allow for the market to function properly and thereby reach a socially optimal level of environmental impacts. 

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