Environmental impact analysis

The environmental impact analysis is specific to the plant under consideration, the comments/suggestions made here are of a general nature. 

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Briggs, G. A., Plume rise predictions, in "Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analysis" (D. A. Haugen, ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1975. Chapter 3 (59-111). 

Although the methodology of assessment methods can be criticized, it is essential that we have accurate tools at our disposal in order to make the correct decisions regarding the appropriate materials/processes to use. An important aspect of making any determination of the environmental impact of a process, or as a consequence of the use of a specific material, is the determination of where the boundaries of the analysis should lie. A simple diagram of the principle elements of an environmental impact analysis is shown in Figure 9.1. 

The final reference in this category is the Australian Government Gazette (Ref. G9) which includes information regarding industrial effluent limits, as demanded by the Environmental Protection Authority (in Australia). These data are quoted in the Environmental Impact Analysis (Section 5.4.7). 

For an efficient absorption tower design, the plant should emit tail gases at less than 1000 ppm of nitrogen oxides. This level is about half the current emissions limit in Western Australia. Should emissions exceed this figure, then consideration must be given to the installation of a catalytic tail-gas combustor which enables emission levels to be lowered below 400 ppm. The plant does not normally produce any liquid waste streams (see Section 5.4.7 Environmental Impact Analysis). 

The second part of the environmental impact analysis (EIA) relates to the effects of a major accident or spill within the plant. The safety aspects of an explosive gas discharge (for example) should be considered in conjunction with the loss prevention studies for the plant (Section 8.2.3). However, proposals for containment, clean-up, and discharge of major chemical spills should be part of the EIA report. Any proposals should ensure the safety of personnel, minimise the discharge and its effect on the environment, and preserve the integrity of the plant. The worst situation should be evaluated, not just the most likely scenario. Factors to be considered include the quantity and location of chemicals... 

Action Prepare an environmental impact analysis for the proposed chemical plant, including aspects of normal operation and major spills. 

There are several aspects to be considered regarding the siting and operation of the nitric acid plant. First, a suitable site must be chosen and second the plant layout must be planned after the site characteristics are assessed. Finally, an environmental impact analysis needs to be performed to ascertain the expected effect of the plant and the chemicals on the surrounding areas. 

Some processes and products seem more eco-friendly than others. Often this is because we see only part of the process. An overall environmental impact analysis should take into account not only the chemical reactions, but also the hazards and consequences of acquiring and transporting the raw materials. Additionally, it should factor in the overall energy demand. A reaction can have 100% atom economy, yet still be problematic because of hazardous reagents. Adding Br2, HF, or HCN to a double bond, for example, is clean from the atom economy perspective, but storing... 

An environmental impact analysis or claim for categorical exclusion from the requirement to prepare such an analysis... 

Dosage Form 6. Strength Environmental Impact Analysis Statement... 

Hunter, R., Niemi, G., Pilli, A., and Veith, G., Aquatic Information and Retrieval (AQUIRE) database system, in Computer Applications for Environmental Impact Analysis, Pillmann, W., Ed., International Society for Environmental Protection, Vienna, 1990, pp. 42-48. 

Papasavva, Kia, S., Claya, J., and Gunther, R., Characterization of automotive paints An environmental impact analysis, Progress Organic Coatings, 43, 193-206, 2001. 

This part of an application contains a precise description of the composition, methods of manufacture, specifications, and control procedures for the drug substance and the drug product. It also includes an environmental impact analysis statement for the manufacturing process and for the ultimate use of the drug. (Refer to the Guideline for the Format and Content of the Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Section of an Application and 21 CFR 314.50(d)(1), which set forth specific data requirements for this section.)... 

Table 9.4. Health, Safety, and Environmental Impact Analysis During the Evolution of a Project...

An environmental impact analysis will almost certainly reveal areas where improvement can be made. In many instances it may show up points at which urgent improvement must be made in order to conform with local regulatory requirements. 

Metrics may also be indexed with respect to a manufacturing output, input, throughput, or batch size, as discussed in AUen and Rosselot (1997). Product-based environmental impact analysis requires activity-based inventory assessment (Stuart et al. 1998). Similar to activity-based costing (see Chapter 89), activity-based environmental inventory assessment recognizes the hieiarchy of impacts tmd assigns them proportionately to an activity such as a product or service. 

Caldwell LK, Bartlett DE, Parker DE, Keys DL (1982) A study of ways to improve the scientific content and methodology of environmental impact analysis. Advanced Studies in Science, Technology and Public Affairs, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, pp 24-53... 

Krauskopf TM, Bunde DC (1972) Evaluation of environmental impact through a computer model process. In Ditton R, Goodale T (eds) Environmental impact analysis Philosophy and methods. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Program, Madison, WI,... 

The LCA theory contains four phases, which are definition of the purpose and scope of the study, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of the results (Ge, J. Gong, M., 2008). Many studies in China have used the LCA theory in construction, agriculture, air conditioning manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, waste disposal and other fields. However, these studies have tended to focus on the size of the environmental impact analysis and they have rarely... 

As Pounds says, several of the behavioral tools he describes are not a part of the typical BBS process. Also, Pounds says that the concept that he puts forth can be extended to resolve a multitude of business initiatives. A list of the major captions in his program follows. It s different it s performance-oriented. No other BBS outline that has come to this author s attention is comparable, nor do others include such elements as root cause analysis, environmental impact analysis (reengineers performance systems), behavioral consequence impact analysis (evaluates job... 

Franklin Associates, Eamily Size Soft Drinks Containers—A Comparative Energy and Environmental Impact Analysis, Report for Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Prairie Village, Kansas, November 1977. 

Pistikopoulos EN, Stefanis SK, Livingston AG. A methodology for minimum environmental impact analysis. In El-Halwagi MM, Petrides DP, editors. Pollution prevention via process and product modifications. AIChE symposium series, vol. 303(90) 1994. p. 139—50. 

The aim of this six-volume handbook project (properties, environmental impact, analysis, formulation, application, and production) is to provide readers who are interested in any aspect of surfactants and detergents, a state-of-the-art comprehensive treatise, written by expert practitioners in the field. Thus, various aspects involved—properties, environmental impact, analysis/test methods, formulation application and production of detergents, marketing, environmental and related technological aspects, as well as research problems—are dealt with, emphasizing the practical. This constitutes a shift from the traditional, mostly theoretical focus, of most of the related literature currently available. 

FIGURE 21.3 System boundary for the cradle-to-gate environmental impact analysis of lithium-ion batteries, which includes the materials production and battery assembly stages. (For color version of this figure, the reader is referred to the online version of this book.)... 

Degradation is likely responsible for several damages to any rubber blend and is related to environmental impacts. Analysis of the life cycle and control of different degradation processes that blends, can be submitted to allows understanding of how many different phenomena occur. This understanding is essential to develop new blends where the properties of two or more polymers can be combined. This work covers some developments in life-cycle assessment, ageing and degradation behaviour of natural rubber-based blends and IPNs. 

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