Managing Environmental Impact

What happens to the product after a cnstomer has consumed it In many product contexts, the customer or society may have to incur costs to dispose of the used producr. This is illustrated by the disposal charge at tire repair shops to get rid of worn-out tires, in many cases 10 per tire. These charges increase if the products use hazardous chemicals or toxic materials. In other cases, a carefully designed product and recycling loop may improve overall lifecycle costs of the product. 

If the cost of the product over its cradle-to-grave existence is charged to the consumer, it will result in different choices and thus different associated costs. Using renewable inputs at the source may increase costs but may decrease lifecycle costs, e.g., using corn-based bottles for beverages, thus making them competitive. Kodak s disposable camera, cited 

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West Valley Demonstration Project Waste Management Environmental Impact Statements — Final Summary (2003) U.S. Department of Energy, West valley Area Office, west Valley, NY, DOE/EIS-0337F. 

The motivation to prepare this group of standards is to introdice uniform requirements for the operation of industrial plants and establish a hamcwork for managing environmental impact. The standards or draft standards feature a wide variety of en nmental disdpines including these six major components [39] ... 

Alicia Eisenkolhl (environmental management environmental impact assessment trans-houndary aquifers rural development). Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Hohenau, Catholic University Our Lady of the Assumption (UCA), Campus Itapua,... 

Chapter 4 summarizes the design approaches and technical features that define innovative SMRs performance in the subject areas of economics, sustainability (resource utilization, waste management, environmental impacts), safety, proliferation resistance and physical protection. Short reviews in this section, based on the information provided in the Annexes, are structured according to the reactor types. 

Ill-1.6.2. Provisions for sustainability, waste management, environmental impacts... 

Many techniques have been developed for management of the safety and environmental impact of operations, and much science is applied to these areas. The objective of this section is to demonstrate how the practising engineer can have a significant impact on these aspects of a field development, and that safety and the environment should be the concerns of all employees. 

Management of the environmental impact of projects is of major concern in the oil and gas industry, not only to meet the legislative requirements in host countries, but is also viewed as good business because it is ... 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

In both the materials used and the construction process, sustainability and efficiency will become standard. Improvements mjob site management and building design will reduce waste and cost of construction. Materials such as engineered wood, recycled carpeting, and cellulose insulation, which have lower environmental impact, will become cheaper and more widely available. Not only are buildings constructed with such material friendlier to the environment, they also provide higher-quality, lower-cost solutions. 

Urban, rural and industrial developments may have profound effects on the surrounding environment. Such effects can defeat the object of development, in that the negative environmental impact may outweigh the benefits. In the case of natural resources, inappropriate development may even destroy the resource base. If environmental matters are accorded adequate consideration during the planning and management of development programs and projects it is possible for pollutants to be assimilated. As a result, the whole development can be accommodated by the environment in such a way that adverse effects are minimized and the economic and social benefits of development are maximized. 

The environmental impact of SOj emissions has gained much attention over the past ten years. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) went into effect in 1989. The ruling covers new, modified, and reconstructed FCC units since January 1994. It should be noted that the Southern California Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) board has established a limit of 60 kilograms of SO per 1,000 barrels of feed for the existing FCC units. 

This article presents details of the gloomy picture of the environmental impacts associated with PVC waste which has been painted by four PVC waste management studies carried out for the European Commission. The studies cover mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling, behaviour in landfill, and the influence of PVC on incinerator flue gas cleaning residues. 

Procedures should be established to periodically monitor all operations that may have an environmental impact, and similar scheduled periodic checks should be made to ensure that procedures and operations are still in line with regulatory and other requirements. If equipment is involved in the monitoring process then procedures should also be in place to ensure correct calibration. Procedures are also needed to record any preventative or corrective actions identified and to ensure that they are completed to schedule. The whole EMS should be audited periodically to check that it is consistent with the planned policy and has been properly implemented. The details of audits should be discussed and reviewed by management at the highest level with a view to continuous improvement through the modification of both policy and procedures. 

From the environmental impact point of view service extension gives the supplier a greater involvement in the product life-cycle, with the potential to help manage the product through the life-cycle. 

Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management Ecology, Safety, and Environmental Impact, Rodney W. Bovey... 

It is well known that crop management systems, the quality of the soil and the weathering conditions are just some of the factors used in order to assess production of GHG. Therefore, an understanding of the future environmental impacts of crop production is essential in order to achieve greater crop yields without decreasing the quality of the environment and social welfare. Additionally, Tilman [2] reported that the recent intensification of agriculture, coupled with the prospect of even further intensification in the future, will have major detrimental impacts on the world s ecosystems. 

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