Cycle-life

The typical vegetative structure of mold consists of individual hyphal elements (collectively called the mycelium). Hyphae are of three types (1) penetrative hyphae called rhizoids which serve to enter the substrate and glean and transport nutrient (2) stolons, of larger diameter than rhizoids, which serve to link the mycelial mass, and (3) aerial asexual reproductive hyphae, the conidiospores or sporangiosphores. Depending on the organism, asexual spores may be produced within a enclosed structure, the 

Molds present on grapes at harvest play an important role in the physical and chemical stability as well as the sensory properties of the future wine. Depending on the extent to which mold and rot is present, the winemaking staff may find it necessary to modify their processing protocol (see Chapters 4 and 5). The following section highlight several of the molds of importance to winemake. 

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There are three components in a life-cycle analysis ... 

The life cycle is first defined and the complete resource requirements (materials and energy) quantified. This allows the total environmental emissions associated with the life cycle to be quantified by putting together the individual parts. This defines the life-cycle inventory. 

Once the life-cycle inventory has been quantified, we can attempt to characterize and assess the eflfects of the environmental emissions in a life-cycle impact analysis. While the life-cycle inventory can, in principle at least, be readily assessed, the resulting impact is far from straightforward to assess. Environmental impacts are usually not directly comparable. For example, how do we compare the production of a kilogram of heavy metal sludge waste with the production of a ton of contaminated aqueous waste A comparision of two life cycles is required to pick the preferred life cycle. 

Having attempted to quantify the life-cycle inventory and impact, a life-cycle improvement analysis suggests environmental improvements. 

Life-cycle analysis, in principle, allows an objective and complete view of the impact of processes and products on the environment. For a manufacturer, life-cycle analysis requires an acceptance of responsibility for the impact of manufacturing in total. This means not just the manufacturers operations and the disposal of waste created by those operations but also those of raw materials suppliers and product users. 

To the process designer, life-cycle analysis is useful because focusing exclusively on waste minimization at some point in the life cycle sometimes creates problems elsewhere in the cycle. The designer can often obtain useful insights by changing the boundaries of the system under consideration so that they are wider than those of the process being designed. 

Curran, M. A., Broad-Based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Environ. Sci. Technol, 27 430 1993. 

Introduction and Commercial Application This section provides an overview of the activities carried out at the various stages of field development. Each activity is driven by a business need related to that particular phase. The later sections of this manual will focus in some more detail on individual elements of the field life cycle. 

Usually a company will have a portfolio of assets which are at different stages of the described life cycle. Proper management of the asset base will allow optimisation of financial, technical and human resources. 

Introduction and commercial application Safety and the environment have become important elements of all parts of the field life cycle, and involve all of the technical and support functions in an oil company. The Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea in 1988 has resulted in a major change in the approach to management of safety of world-wide oil and gas exploration and production activities. Companies recognise that good safety and environmental management make economic sense and are essential to guaranteeing long term presence in the industry. 

At each stage of a field life cycle raw data has to be converted into information, but for the information to have value it must influence decision making and profitability. 

Volumetric estimates are required at all stages of the field life cycle. In many instances a first estimate of how big an accumulation could be is requested. If only a back of the envelope estimate is needed or if the data available is very sparse a quick look estimation can be made using field wide averages. 

This section will consider the role of appraisal in the field life cycle, the main sources uncertainty in the description of the reservoir, and the appraisal techniques used to reduce this uncertainty. The value of the appraisal activity will be compared with its cost to determine whether such activity is justified. 

Appraisal activity, if performed, is the step in the field life cycle between the discovery of a hydrocarbon accumulation and its development. The role of appraisal is to provide cost-effective information with which the subsequent decision can be made. Cost effective means that the value of the decision with the appraisal information is greater than the value of the decision without the information. If the appraisal activity does not add more value than its cost, then it is not worth doing. This can be represented by a simple flow diagram, in which the cost of appraisal is A, the profit (net present value) of the development with the appraisal information is (D2-A), and the profit of the development without the appraisal information is D1. 

As introduced in Section 14.2, bottlenecks in the process facilities can occur at many stages in a producing field life cycle. A process facility bottleneck is caused when any piece of equipment becomes overloaded and restricts throughput. In the early years of a development, production will often be restricted by the capacity of the processing facility to treat hydrocarbons. If the reservoir is performing better than expected it may pay to increase plant capacity. If, however, it is just a temporary production peak such a modification may not be worthwhile. 

Under the proper set of environments and circumstances all materials are smart and depict smart behavior at some point during their life cycle. 

Life cycle cost analysis is the proper tool for evaluation of alternative systems (11,12). The total cost of a system, including energy cost, maintenance cost, interest, cash flow, equipment replacement and/or salvage value, taxes, inflation, and energy cost escalation, can be estimated over the useflE life of each alternative system. A Hst of life cycle cost items which may be considered for each system is presented in Tables 3 and 4. Reference 14 presents a cash flow analysis which also includes factors such as energy cost escalation. 

Product innovation absorbs considerable resources in the fine chemicals industry, in part because of the shorter life cycles of fine chemicals as compared to commodities. Consequently, research and development (R D) plays an important role. The main task of R D in fine chemicals is scaling-up lab processes, as described, eg, in the ORAC data bank or as provided by the customers, so that the processes can be transferred to pilot plants (see Pilot PLANTS AND microplants) and subsequently to industrial-scale production. Thus the R D department of a fine chemicals manufacturer typically is divided into a laboratory or process research section and a development section, the latter absorbing the Hon s share of the R D budget, which typically accounts for 5 to 10% of sales. Support functions include the analytical services, engineering, maintenance, and Hbrary. 

Several studies on FWAs have concluded that diarninostilbenedisulfonic acid/cyanuric chloride (DAS/CC) and distyrylbiphenyl (DSBP) type whiteners are of a low order of toxicity. Thek safety has been extensively reviewed by governmental agencies there is no evidence of human health ha2ards. FWA producers and users consider these products to be both safe and beneficial to the ultimate consumer. This view is supported by appropriate trade associations. A comprehensive review of available safety and environmental data has been pubflshed (82). In addition, principal suppHers are conducting life cycle analyses on the primary whiteners in use (ca 1993). 

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

Life cycle in aquatic invertebrates (daphnia/mycid)... 

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