Minimum environmental impact

Continuing the current trend, there will be an even greater need to provide highly effective dispersants with minimum environmental impact. Future development efforts will focus on improved performance at low dosage to further reduce the environmental load, accountability (ability to detect... 

G. R. Lloyd and P. W. Neail. Biocides for minimum environmental impact. In Proceedings Volume, volume 2. 2nd Shell Co Australia et al Australian Int Oil, Gas Petrochem Conf (Offshore Australia 93) (Melbourne, Australia, 11/23-11/26), 1993. 

Minimum Environmental Impact. Applied Plant Research BV, Wageningen. 

In spite of their promising future, ILs have characteristics that may not be very kind to the environment, especially when they have to be discarded. This aspect should be carefully considered. One should seek to combine the cationic and anionic elements that are adequate for the process yet will represent the minimum environmental impact. 

Cooney, J.D., Colin, G. and Wiles, D.M., "Disposal of Plastics with Minimum Environmental Impact", ASTM Special Technical Publication 533, pp. 17-27, 1973. ... 

The criteria for selection of a suitable oxidation catalyst for heavy-duty ethanol-fiielled vehicles in city traffic involve aspects such as regulated emissions (CO, NOx, hydrocarbons and particulates), emissions of unbumed ethanol, formation of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and nitrogen dioxide. The oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide can be a problem when using highly active precious metal catalysts. This is especially the case when using platinum as active material (Pettersson et ai, 1994). NO2 is more toxic than NO and should be minimized at street levels. The catalyst with the highest activity for ethanol conversion is not necessarily the best choice if the minimum environmental impact is the objective. 

There has been much interest in recent years to exploit the properties of microemulsion phases in supercritical fluids (23-33). A reverse micelle or microemulsion system of particular interest is one based on CO2 because of its minimum environmental impact in chemical applications. Since water and CO2... 

Pistikopoulos EN, Stefanis SK, Livingston AG. A methodology for minimum environmental impact analysis. In El-Halwagi MM, Petrides DP, editors. Pollution prevention via process and product modifications. AIChE symposium series, vol. 303(90) 1994. p. 139—50. 

A novel processing scheme which has minimum environmental impact... 

Despite the advances in thermal power plant design and operation worldwide, they are still considered as not of minimum environmental impact because of significant carbon dioxide emissions" and air pollution as a result of the combustion process. In addition, coal-fired power plants also produce virtual mountains of slag and ash, and other gas emissions may contribute to acid rains. 

Catalytic C-C bond formation is a key transformation in chemical synthesis, which is usually performed in organic solvents. It has also been successfully demonstrated in water, in the hope of easy catalyst recovery and minimum environmental impact. In the sections to follow, a few of well-known C-C coupling reactions carried out in aqueous media are highhghted, including the Diels-Alder, Friedel-Crafts, Suzuki coupling, and Heck reactions. 

The ideal environmentally sustainable product provides equivalent function as products it replaces and is available at competitive costs. It is made from renewable resources, can itself be constantly renewed without degradation in quality or performance, and has a minimum environmental impact. Ideally the life cycle of the sustainable product is in balance with the surrounding ecosystem. [2]... 

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