Environmental requirements

It is therefore important for stakeholders not only to focus on potential negative effects and the options to mitigate these but also to explore and incorporate the positive environmental impacts as a result of a project. This concept is promoted as Building with Nature (www.ecoshape.nl) or similarly Working with Nature (www.pianc.org/workingwithnature.php). 

In most countries legislation requires that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be carried out before the necessary construction permits can be obtained. Such an EIA must be based on thorough, well-documented research and provides an evaluation of the positive and negative environmental consequences of the works. If the predicted impacts are considered to be unacceptable, the study may recommend mitigating measures ranging from prescribed dredging methods to compensation requirements. 

Insight into environmental aspects is important for the following reasons  

When large volumes of fill material are dredged, transported and placed, some of this material may be eroded during the construction or operational phase. 

Determining whether or not this eroded material settles elsewhere and whether or not this may cause a problem (local siltation) is crucial. Should unacceptable sedimentation occiu measures must be defined to prevent this process. 

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Treatment of Industrial Effluents. Solvent extraction appears to have great potential in the field of efduent treatment, both for the economic recovery of valuable materials and for the removal of toxic materials to comply with environmental requirements. 

The ores of most importance are fluorspar, CaF2 fluorapatite, Ca (P0 2Fj cryoHte [15096-52-3], Na AlF. Fluorspar is the primary commercial source of fluoiine. Twenty-six percent of the world s high quaHty deposits of fluorspar are ia North America. Most of that is ia Mexico. United States production ia 1987—1991 was 314,500 metric tons, most of which occurred ia the Illinois-Kentucky area. Imported fluorspar ia 1990—1991 represented about 82% of U.S. consumption 31% of U.S. fluorspar imports were from Mexico and 29% from China compared to 66% from Mexico ia the 1973—1978 period. The majority of the fluorine ia the earth s cmst is ia phosphate rock ia the form of fluorapatite which has an average fluorine concentration of 3.5%. Recovery of these fluorine values as by-product fluorosiHcic acid from phosphate production has grown steadily, partially because of environmental requirements (see Phosphoric acid and THE phosphates). 

The majority of the fluorine ia the earth s cmst is present in the form of the phosphoms fluoride fluoroapatite [1306-05 ] Ca (P0 2F- Phosphate rock deposits contain an average concentration of 3.5 wt % fluorine. During phosphate processing these fluorine values are partially recovered as by-product fluorosihcic acid. The amount of fluorosiUcic acid recovered has grown steadily, in part because of environmental requirements (see Phosphoric acid and THE phosphates). 

As of 1995, there were only a few commercial oil shale faciUties operating in the world. These faciUties are located in countries where the economic, pohtical, and environmental requirements for commercial oil shale development are met. There are commercial oil shale faciUties in Bra2il, China, Estonia, and Israel. No commercial oil shale faciUties have existed in the United States because the costs of shale oil processing exceed those associated with conventional petroleum cmde processing. 

Tran.sfer Stations Important factors that must be considered in the design of tran.sfer stations include (1) the type of tran.sfer operation to be used, (2) capacity requirements, (3) equipment and accessory requirements, and (4) environmental requirements. 

Environmental Requirements Vlost large modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be giv en to the problem of blowing papers. Windscreens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of type, the station should be designed and constructed so that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. 

In order to generate a candidate EAR, one should consider potential raw materials and by-products, satisfaction of stoichiometric conditions, assurance of thermodynamic feasibility, and fulfillment of environmental requirements. These issues can be addressed by employing an optimization formulation to identify an overall reaction that yields the desired product at maximum economic potential while satisfying stoichiometric, thermodynamic, and environmental constraints. For a more detailed description of this optimization program, the reader is referred to Crabtree and El-Halwagi (1994). 

Demand for worker involvement in each part of the industrial process. Emission of heat and contaminants from each part of the industrial process. Environmental requirements for each part of the industrial process. 

Refer to the many details of standardization, applications, and design features in NEMA Standard MGl-1993, Rev. 1995 Motors and Generators and the safety and environmental requirements of the National Fire Protection Association Codes. ... 

The principal areas where cooling design is affected by environmental requirements are visual and audible (i.e. aesthetic (plume) and noise). 

Perhaps the most common environmental requirement in modem cooling tower installations is that of noise. The fan equipment and the falling water generate cooling tower noise. In large mechanical- or natural-draft cooling... 

The cat cracker plays a key role in the overall profitability of the refinery. It must operate reliably and efficiently. It must also operate safely and comply with federal, state, and local environmental requirements. A typical FCC unit circulates tons of catalyst per minute, processes various types of feedstock and uses hundreds of control loops, any of which can make operation difficult. Proper troubleshooting will ensure that the unit operates at maximum reliability and efficiency while complying with environmental concerns. 

No single fluid has all these properties, and meets the new environmental requirements, but this chapter will show the developments that are taking place in influencing the selection and choice of a refrigerant. 

Select several materials that appear to meet the required environmental requirements and strength behaviors. 

Horn, D. Mahanna, J. (2007) IBM Engineering Specification 46G3772 Baseline Environmental Requirements for Supplier Deliverables to IBM. [Online - cited 24 April 2007] Available from URL http //www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/products/46g3772 011007.pdf... 

Describe individual items of equipment and how they are connected in sufficient detail to enable unambiguous set-up. List minimum performance requirements and verification requirements, cross-referenced to the calibration section and any relevant instrument manuals. Number for later reference. For glassware, include grade where applicable (bear in mind that use of a particular grade may require justification and that proof of compliance may be required). Include environmental requirements (fume cupboards, etc.). 

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