The Issues Involved

The European Economic Community, which was an economic union of States, had it genesis in the Treaty of Rome of 25 March 1957, and became the European 

Air transport in the European Community is fundamentally regulated by two treaties, i.e. the Treaty which establishes the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Treaty) and the Treaty which establishes the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty, now called the EC Treaty). The former, which was signed in Paris in 1951, addresses issues related to the carriage of coal and steel through the media of rail, road and inland waterways and as such is not directly relevant to aviation. The latter, on the other hand, admits of issues relating to all modes of transport in the carriage of persons and goods and is of some relevance to aviation. 

From a legal perspective, air carriers of the member States of the EU cannot have a European nationality since the EU does not have the sovereign status of a State. This notwithstanding, the Council of Ministers of the EU has given the European Commission the mandate to negotiate with the US and other third countries, particularly to have such countries accept the fact that carriers of member States of 

The EEC Treaty, which was signed in Rome on 25 March 1957, has at its core a Common Transport Policy (CTP) concept which is calcnlated to achieve the fundamental purposes of the European Community. One of the most salient features of the EEC Treaty is that the tasks of the Community are set out succinctly in Article 2 of the Treaty which provides inter alia for the adoption of a CTP as provided for in Article 3(1) of the Treaty. This provision is linked to Article 74 which in turn provides that the objectives of the Treaty in relatirai to issues of transportation would be pursued by State Parties within the parameters of the CTP, which is established by the Council of Europe through secondary legislation. 

Henri Wassenbergh, Open Skies and a Global Common Air Traffic Market, Journal LuchtRecht, Special Edition, Liber Amicorum in Honour of Prof. Dr. I.H.Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor, Nr. 9/10, December 2005, 51 at p.53. 

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A diseussion of the issues involved and tables of performanee data ean be found... 

This chapter introduces the important topics of fluid flow, properties of gases, heat and mass transfer, and physical/chemical characteristics of contaminants. The aim is to assist all engaged in industrial air technology in understanding the physical background of the issues involved. 

Depending on the oomplexity and extent of oontroversy of the issues involved, the steering group may advise on different levels of peer review ... 

Here are two situations illustrating the issues involved in trying to understand the interactions between the mechanicals and the climate. These are illustrations. They do not apply to every house in the climates described. 

To develop an alternative MIEC cathode not only the ex situ properties, e.g., cr, TEC, /), and k, but also the electrocatalytic activity, structural and chemical stability, and Cr-tolerance must be considered. Beyond testing in small SOFC button cells, the viability of new cathode materials must ultimately be proven in large-scale stack cells under practical current and temperature gradients. The issues involved in the development of cathode materials for large-scale stacks are significantly more complex than those in the small button cells briefly reviewed in this chapter. However, this does provide serious challenges as well as opportunities for materials scientists and engineers in the development of commercially viable ITSOFCs. 

Various rules of thumb exist for standard water filtration rates and cycle time before backwashing. Higher filtration rates may appear to be economically justified, however, when the filter loading is within conventional limits. In this example, we examine the issues involved for constant-rate filtration for a dual-media bed. Dual- and mixed-media beds result in increased production of water in a filter for two reasons. First, the larger grains (say charcoal approximately 1-mm size) as a top layer help reduce cake formation and deposition within the small (150-mm) top layer of the bed. Second, the head loss in the region of significant filtration is reduced. 

The most popular method of measuring peak area is by integration. Integration is a method in which the series of digital values acquired by the data system as the peak is being traced are summed. The sum is thus a number generated and presented by the data system and is taken to be the peak area. See Figure 11.20. We will discuss in Chapters 12 and 13 exactly how this area is converted to the quantity of analyte in GC and HPLC and the issues involved. See Workplace Scene 11.7. 

Some of the issues involved in trying te-un-derstand atom transfer processes are illustrated by a discussion of the observations on the reduction of perchlorate ion. No examples are known of oxygen removal from C10 under mild conditions by... 

This review will explore some of the issues involved in developing novel peptides and proteins that integrate coenzyme functionaUty and highlights recent progress in this area. For the sake of depth, this review focuses specifically on the pyridoxal/pyridoxamine system, thiamine, and selected redox active coenzymes. These coenzymes and information on the transformations that they mediate are summarized in Fig. 1. 

Most of this book concerns the development and application of theoretical thermodynamic models, as these are the basis of the CALPHAD method. However, none of this would be possible without the existence of the computational methods and software which allow these models to be applied in practice. In essence, the issues involved in computational methods are less diverse and mainly revolve around Gibbs energy minimisation. In addition, there are optimiser codes which are used for the thermodynamic assessment of phase equilibria. The essential aim of these codes is to reduce the statistical error between calculated phase equilibria, thermodynamic properties and the equivalent experimentally measured quantities. 

This document has set down some initial thoughts from a regulatory point of view about the issues involved in allowing the design of a clinical trial to be adapted as the trial progresses. Modification of the sample size based on blinded data and stopping for overwhelming efficacy or futility are forms of adaptation that are already well accepted, but this Reflection Paper considers other possibilities that are more controversial. 

For a description of some of the issues involved in motor vehicle emissions control, see Calvert et al. (1993), for those involving diesel emissions, see Walsh (1995), and for motorcycle emisions compared to passenger cars, see Chan et al. (1995). 

But most of the issues involve the catalyst system itself. The catalyst must be active and selective for the fuel of choice, stable, and resistant to poisoning and attrition while subjected to variations in flow, temperature, and pressure." For successful operation at commercial scale, the reforming process must be able to achieve high conversion of the hydrocarbon feedstock at high space velocities, as well as high H2 and CO selectivities. The reforming catalyst has to meet performance targets (see Table 1) as identified by U.S. DOE before it becomes feasible for use in the fuel reformers of transportation fuel cell... 

Ability to Communicate. The mental status exam is critical to the determination of a patient s capacity to consent, and the ability to communicate is an absolute prerequisite (see the section Diagnostic Assessment in Chapter 1). Psychomotor impairments such as mutism or catatonia (withdrawn type) would severely affect an individual s fundamental ability to communicate any appreciation of the issues involved and their ramifications. Although an individual may actually be well oriented and may intellectually appreciate and even later remember events that occurred and the issues involved, that person is not capable of consenting if unable to demonstrate these faculties. 

On Tuesdays, the New York Times has a section called "Science Times, in which journalists with scientific training review topics in leading science journals. The July 5, 1994, edition, for example, ran a story that summarized fairly well the issues involved in making human carcinogenic inferences from animal tests (p. B5). 

Do not allow critical decisions to be made, or even approved if you can avoid it, by people higher up who do not appreciate what you are attempting or the issue involved. 

The dilemmas in each case pose a developmental challenge. They cannot be resolved by reference to rule books or text books. Each manager has to work out his or her own salvation for handling the issues involved, and do so in a way that will enhance his or her ability to manage effectively. 

To understand the issues involved in chemicals regulation one needs to have some understanding of the different types of chemicals and the development of the chemicals industry. The next section of this chapter therefore outlines the relevant background information. I then go on to describe European legislation on synthetic chemicals (from which UK legislation derives). Finally, I outline some of the relevant issues in the debates that preceded the introduction of REACH. 

There is no shortage of SO2 stack gas removal processes. The issues involved, however, range from the economics to the technical feasibility. Both are likely to be more suitable by 1990. From a list of 65 processes (29) ranging from on-stream to developmental,... 

The use of any of the above types of code is no substitute for an understanding of the issues involved in relief system sizing. Indeed, many codes offer a range of calculation options, some of which do not make safe assumptions for relief sizing purposes. The use of such codes, without adequate understanding, can result in inadequate relief sizes. 

There can be confusion as to the terms used when considering drugs affecting the CNS. This confusion can lead to misconceptions about the appropriate and inappropriate use of CNS drugs. Overall the terms used overlap to a great extent and lend themselves to several interpretations. The definitions cited below come from an article in The New England Journal of Medicine entitled "The Treatment of Cancer Pain" (313 (2) 84-95, 1985. I have also added some language found in the Merck Manual in an attempt to clarify the issues involved. 

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