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As the design progresses, more information is accumulated. The best methods of assessing the profitability of alternatives are based on projections of the cash flows during the project life. ... 

The amount of detail input, and the type of simulation model depend upon the issues to be investigated, and the amount of data available. At the exploration and appraisal stage it would be unusual to create a simulation model, since the lack of data make simpler methods cheaper and as reliable. Simulation models are typically constructed at the field development planning stage of a field life, and are continually updated and increased in detail as more information becomes available. 

There have been numerous efforts to inspect specimens by ultrasonic reflectivity (or pulse-echo) measurements. In these inspections ultrasonic reflectivity is often used to observe changes in the acoustical impedance, and from this observation to localize defects in the specimen. However, the term defect is related to any discontinuity within the specimen and, consequently, more information is needed than only ultrasonic reflectivity to define the discontinuity as a defect. This information may be provided by three-dimensional ultrasonic reflection tomography and a priori knowledge about the specimen (e.g., the specimen fabrication process, its design, the intended purpose and the material). A more comprehensive review of defect characterization and related nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods is provided elsewhere [1]. 

Although the discontinuities may be seen clearly in the circular C-scan image, the image represents only a projection of discontinuities in a specific direction (i.e., a shadow of overlapping discontinuities). More information of the discontinuities according to location, dimension and type may be achieved by ultrasonic computed tomography (UCT) imaging. 

More informative and precision instruments are devices based on the dynamic methods of indentation. The impedance of a vibrating probe perturbing the medium is related to the... 

The detailed research areas and tasks under these headlines are presently (January 1998) under preparation by the Commission. More information should be available at the time of the 7th ECNDT Conference. 

The NDT Newsgroup and other forums are playing an important role in expediting meeting and communieation among your NDT colleagues on the Internet - Email is the most important tool for that. Not only technical discussions but also business to business or even direct inquiries are today handled via the Internet. Statistics are presented with more information on specific usage. 

The total surface energy generally is larger than the surface free energy. It is frequently the more informative of the two quantities, or at least it is more easily related to molecular models. 

More detailed information about the pore system can be obtained from scanning curves, illustrated in Fig. XVII-28c. Thus if adsorption is carried only up to point a and then desorption is started, the lower curve ab will be traced if at absorption is resumed, the upper curve ab is followed, and so on. Any complete model should account in detail for such scanning curves and, conversely, through their complete mapping much more information can be obtained about the nature of the pores. Rao [214] and Emmett [215] have summarized a great deal of such behavior. 

For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com. 

Both the adjacency and distance matrices provide information about the connections in the molceular structure, but no additional information such as atom type or bond order. One type of matrix which includes more information, the Atom Connectivity Matrix (ACM), was introduced by Spialtcr and is discussed in Ref, [38]. This approach was eventually abandoned but is listed here because it was quite a unique approach. 

To obtain more information on each reaction of the hit list, it is possible to browse through the hit list, classify it (sec Section 5.13.4), print it, and export all the references on the hit list or save the reactions in different file formats for documentation purposes. 

One reaction is found after performing this search it is shown in Figure 5-29. Analysis of the reaction conditions by retrieving the catalyst/solvent and conditions 011117, reading the given literature for more information, solves the problem... 

P2] More Information about this database is available at the MDL websites http // uww.mdli.comj... 

D descriptors are simple and easy to imderstand, while the 3D descriptors contain more information. The descriptors of both methods were derived from the molecular structures. Thus the models that were developed here are suitable for in-sdico data screening and library design. 

This definition of the quadrupole is obviously dependent upon the orientation of the chargi distribution within the coordinate frame. Transformation of the axes can lead to alternativi definitions that may be more informative. Thus the quadrupole moment is commonl defined as follows ... 

The output file eontains more information than the geo file and is documented to be easily understood by the human reader. The first bloek of information (PART 1) is an eeho of the input file with some explanatory notation. The dieleetrie eonstant is arbitrarily set at the default value of 1.5. Default values are autornatieally used in... 

When we mn this program, we get a good deal more information than we are ready for at this point, but one thing is obvious the energy, found in the last block of output,... 

Over the years, as mentioned, I followed the practice that, whenever in a specific area of my research I felt that I had substantially achieved my goals and that it was time to consider shifting my emphasis elsewhere, I wrote (or edited) a book or comprehensive review of the field. My books are listed in the Appendix for interested readers who want to obtain more information or details, as well as relevant literature references. 

There are a few variations on this procedure called importance sampling or biased sampling. These are designed to reduce the number of iterations required to obtain the given accuracy of results. They involve changes in the details of how steps 3 and 5 are performed. For more information, see the book by Allen and Tildesly cited in the end-of-chapter references. 

Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations can be used, but these methods involve very complex calculations. They are generally only done when more information than just the boiling point is desired and they are not calculations for a novice. 

The first step in creating a force field is to decide which energy terms will be used. This determines, to some extent, the ability of the force field to predict various types of chemistry. This also determines how dilficult the parameterization will be. For example, more information is needed to parameterize an-harmonic bond-stretching terms than to parameterize harmonic terms. 

More information has appeared concerning the nature of the side reactions, such as acetoxylation, which occur when certain methylated aromatic hydrocarbons are treated with mixtures prepared from nitric acid and acetic anhydride. Blackstock, Fischer, Richards, Vaughan and Wright have provided excellent evidence in support of a suggested ( 5.3.5) addition-elimination route towards 3,4-dimethylphenyl acetate in the reaction of o-xylene. Two intermediates were isolated, both of which gave rise to 3,4-dimethylphenyl acetate in aqueous acidic media and when subjected to vapour phase chromatography. One was positively identified, by ultraviolet, infra-red, n.m.r., and mass spectrometric studies, as the compound (l). The other was less stable and less well identified, but could be (ll). 

The more information you can extract from an NMR spectrum the better your chances at arriving at a unique structure Like spm-spm splitting which complicates the appear ance of a H NMR spectrum but provides additional information 2D NMR looks more complicated than it is while making structure determination easier... 

As we have just seen interpreting the fragmentation patterns m a mass spectrum m terms of a molecule s structural units makes mass spectrometry much more than just a tool for determining molecular weights Nevertheless even the molecular weight can provide more information than you might think... 

For more information including theories of structure-taste relationships see the symposium Sweeteners and Sweetness Theory m the August 99S ssue oi the Journal of Chemical Education pp 671-683... 

For more information about the contents of CSV files, see appendix A, HyperChem Files , in the HyperChem Reference Manual. 

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