Toxaphene environmental impact

US Environmental Protection Agency (1999) Toxaphene update Impact on fish advisories. EPA823-F-99-018. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, p 6... 

Toxaphene (Camphechlor), introduced in 1945 by Hercules Powder Inc. [1], is one of the world-wide most widely applied pesticides. Table 1 lists some citations from the scientific literature dealing with the environmental impact of toxaphene. 

Table 1. Citations documenting the environmental impact of toxaphene...

By 1971, the concerns about human health and environmental impacts led Monsanto, the producer of PCBs in the United States, to a voluntary ban on sales of PCBs except for closed systems use. Monsanto ceased all production in 1977 and there was no large-scale increase in imports. PCBs were banned from production and further use in the United States in 1978. Equipment that already contained PCBs, e.g., transformers, were allowed to remain in use but restrictions were placed on the disposal of PCBs when the equipment was decommissioned. Delegates from 122 countries completed a draft treaty on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in December 2000. The POPs that were initially addressed and banned from further use include chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, PCBs, hexachlorbenzene, chlorinated dibenzofurans, and chlorinated dibenzodioxins. Fimited selective use of DDT for human disease vector control is allowed in some countries. 

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