Environmental impact reduction

Linking Environmental Impact Reduction with Costs... 

On the other hand, SO2 also combines in the atmosphere with ammonia to form sulfates—fine particulates (PM2 5)— which have been shown in several studies to contribute significantly to pre-mature mortality. Thus, even if acid rain has only a marginal environmental impact, reductions in SO2 emissions have additional (and potentially much larger) health benefits, through reduced pre-mature mortahty. EPA (2003) estimates that the human health benefits of the Acid Rain Program will be roughly 50 billion annually, due to decreased mortahty, fewer hospital admissions and fewer emergency room visits, by the year 2010. 

Less environmentally-damaging solvents range from wisely-chosen conventional solvents to extremely unconventional solvents. Most of the environmental impact reduction that has been achieved in industry from solvent substitution has been by switching to greener conventional solvents. 

The term environmental energy technologies (EETs), in its broader meaning, involves those technologies which are focused on efficiency improvement and environmental impact reduction related to energy systems. These goals can be achieved by ... 

Reactive groups have minimal auxochrome effect on color intensity, and color yield per molecular weight decreases with increasing numbers of reactive groups. Increased dye fixation and reduced environmental impact of hydrolyzed dye more than compensate for color reduction of additional reactive groups. 

It will be the responsibihty of industry to suggest alternative control approaches and demonstrate satisfactorily that the proposal is equivalent in pollution reduction, enforceabihty, and environmental impact to existing individual process standards. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

Applying the techniques that have worked so well in commodity chemicals to the higher value sectors will reduce environmental impact and improve the economics, but the gains wiU be smaller. In particular, the economic benefits may not justify the investment in improvement. Further reduction in environmental footprint will require a new way of looking at the problem. 

Figure 3.1 Reduction in environmental impact of the European Chemical Industry. ...

Table 3.2 Potential for reduction in environmental impact for different innovation strategies. ...

The use of recombinant bST does not reduce GHG emissions but increases milk production so that the calculated emissions/unit of milk produced is reduced (Baumann, 1992). Capper et ah (2008) evaluated the environmental impact of using bST in a conventional dairying system and reported reductions in CH4 emissions of 8.3%. 15.2% of the total of small (<100 cows), medium (100 < cows < 500), and large farm operations (cows > 500) surveyed in the United States used bST on 17.2% of the cows (USDA, 2007). The use of bST increased with the size of the operation, with 9.1% of small farms using bST and 42.7% of large farms reporting use of bST. 

Determine investment required for each waste reduction option Determine financial attractiveness of each option and rank options Evaluate the environmental impacts of each option ... 

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