Man-made fiber

R. W. Moncrieff, Man-Made Fibers, 6th ed, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1975. 

N. Ohya, International Man-Made Fibers Congress, Dombkn, Austria, Sept. 1990. 

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

Rayon is unique among the mass produced man-made fibers because it is the only one to use a natural polymer (cellulose) directly. Polyesters, nylons, polyolefins, and acryflcs all come indirectly from vegetation they come from the polymerization of monomers obtained from reserves of fossil fuels, which in turn were formed by the incomplete biodegradation of vegetation that grew millions of years ago. The extraction of these nonrenewable reserves and the resulting return to the atmosphere of the carbon dioxide from which they were made is one of the most important environmental issues of current times. CeUulosic fibers therefore have much to recommend them provided that the processes used to make them have minimal environmental impact. 

Steam International Association for Properties of Steam National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Md. 20899 Textiles International Bureau for Standardization of Man-made Fibers Lautengartenstrasse 12 CH-4010 Basle Switzerland... 

A. Alexander, Man-Made Fiber Frocessing, Noyes Data Corp., Parkridge, N.J., 1966, p. 82. 

I. E. Lenk, Chemfasem/Textilindus. Man-Made Fiber Yearbook, 1994, p. 62. 

H. Treptow, Chemiefasem ITextilindus. Man-Made Fiber Yearbook, 1986, p. 6. 

H. ScheUenberg, Chemiefasem/Textilindus. Man-Made Fibers Yearbook, 1986, p. 96. 

H. F. Mark, S. M. Adas, and E. Cemia, eds., Man-Made Fibers Science and Technology, 3 Vols., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1967—1968. 

Some references distinguish between synthetic fibers made from synthetic polymers and those made by modification of cellulose (man-made fibers). 

The filter medium can be fibrous, such as cloth granular, such as sand a rigid solid, such as a screen or a mat, such as a felt pad. It can be in the shape of a tube, sheet, bed, fluidized bed, or any other desired form. The material can be natural or man-made fibers, granules, cloth, felt, paper, metal, ceramic, glass, or plastic. It is not surprising that filters are manufactured in an infinite variety of types, sizes, shapes, and materials. 

H. P. Fink, J. Ganster and J. Fraatz, Akzo-Nobel Viskose Chemistry Seminar Challenges in cellulosic man-made fibers , Stockholm, May 30-June 3 (1994). 

Fibers are mainly classified into two categories natural and man-made fibers [3,4]. These two categories are further classified into various types, as shown in Fig. 2,... 

The man-made fibers are classified into two different categories, regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers, depending on the way in which they are prepared. 

The next stop is to cool the nylon below its Tg without removing the stress, retaining its molecular orientation. The nylon becomes rigid with a much higher elastic modulus in the tension direction [15,000 to 20,000 MPa (2 to 3 x 106 psi)]. This is nearly ten times the elastic modulus of the unoriented nylon-66 plastic. The stress for any elastic extension must work against the rigid backbone of the nylon molecule and not simply unkink molecules. This procedure has been commonly used in the commercial production of man-made fibers since the 1930s via DuPont. 

In the industrial sector, dyes with heterocyclic diazo components are prepared on a large scale and are very important, particularly for dyeing man-made fibers, because of their excellent brightness and high tinctorial power. The volume of patent literature on that subject bears witness to its importance (Weaver and Shuttleworth, 1982 see also Butler, 1975, and Zollinger, 1991, p. 140). 

Finishers of broad woven fabrics of man-made fiber and silk 2262... 

This Chapter provides information on available certified reference and quahty control materials relevant for use in the measurement of airborne contaminants in occupational hygiene. The majority of measurements made in this area worldwide are solvents, dust (total, respirable), elements, oil mist, quartz, fiber identification (asbestos, man-made fibers), mists and gases. 

M. Weber and D. Schilo, Paper presented at International Man-Made Fibers Congress in Dornbim, Austria, 25-27 September 1996. 

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