Environmental impact minimisation

Environmental Impact Minimisation through Material Substitution A Multi-Objective Optimisation Approach... 

Regulations have a significant impact on the selection and use of industrial solvents. Since 1966, new and more restrictive regulations have been adopted at both the federal and the state levels, which influence the kind of solvents used, the amount used, and the way they are used. Regulations have given impetus to the development of new technologies and products which decrease solvent emissions to minimise environmental impact. 

Choose disposal methods for process waste which minimise environmental impact. 

Heavy metals are widely used as catalysts in the manufacture of anthraquinonoid dyes. Mercury is used when sulphonating anthraquinones and copper when reacting arylamines with bromoanthraquinones. Much effort has been devoted to minimising the trace metal content of such colorants and in effluents from dyemaking plants. Metal salts are used as reactants in dye synthesis, particularly in the ranges of premetallised acid, direct or reactive dyes, which usually contain copper, chromium, nickel or cobalt. These structures are described in detail in Chapter 5, where the implications in terms of environmental problems are also discussed. Certain basic dyes and stabilised azoic diazo components (Fast Salts) are marketed in the form of tetrachlorozincate complex salts. The environmental impact of the heavy metal salts used in dye application processes is dealt with in Volume 2. 

The costs of injection must be considered not only in the light of the potential benefits of the technique in minimising environmental impact, but also of the costs of alternative treatment and disposal routes to achieve equal environmental acceptability. 

The siting, design, construction and management of any disposal option needs to be done to minimise negative environmental impacts. In some instances, there may be a trade off between desalination plant performance and the environmental suitability of the brine. Plants with high recovery rates that produce a more concentrated brine must have the means to dispose of this concentrate solution in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. When safe concentrate management is not achievable, the recovery of a plant may need to be compromised. 

The second part of the environmental impact analysis (EIA) relates to the effects of a major accident or spill within the plant. The safety aspects of an explosive gas discharge (for example) should be considered in conjunction with the loss prevention studies for the plant (Section 8.2.3). However, proposals for containment, clean-up, and discharge of major chemical spills should be part of the EIA report. Any proposals should ensure the safety of personnel, minimise the discharge and its effect on the environment, and preserve the integrity of the plant. The worst situation should be evaluated, not just the most likely scenario. Factors to be considered include the quantity and location of chemicals... 

Throughout the design of a chemical plant, issues relating to safety, economics and environmental impact must be considered. By doing so, the risks associated with the plant can be minimised before actual construction. The same principle applies whatever the scale of the process. The field of process control (Chapter 8) considers all these issues and is, indeed, informed by the type of hazard analyses described in Chapter 10. The objectives of an effective control system are the safe and economic operation of a process plant within the constraints of environmental regulations, stakeholder requirements and what is physically possible. Processes require control in the first place because they are dynamic systems, so the concepts covered in the earlier chapters of this book are central to process control (i.e. control models are based on mass, energy and momentum balances derived with respect to time). Chapter 8 focuses on the key aspects of control systems. 

Given the importance of the oxidation states of the actinides in reprocessing and the capability of heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts to manipulate the valence states of a wide range of metal ions, attention has been given to the potential applications of photocatalysis in nuclear reprocessing scenarios [59-65]. The attractions of this are twofold, and lead to a further minimisation of the environmental impact associated with fuel use and processing ... 

Rosa, MJ and de Pinho MN. The role of ultrafiltration and nanoHltration on the minimisation of the environmental impact of bleached pulp effluents. J. Membr. Sci. 1995 102 155-161. 

In the last decade, food quality and minimisation of the negative environmental impacts of agricultural production have gained importance in European agricultural policy. Today, policy makers are striving to achieve the following objectives ... 

The use of re-refined base oils to produce lubricants is increasingly considered on a worldwide basis. The driving force is the concept of sustainability [6], in this application, the recycling of resources to minimise their environmental impact. These considerations, whilst commendable in principle, appear to ignore the environmental costs of collection and transport. Against this, the material must be collected for disposal in any case. 

Provide evidence to Regulatory Authorities of the efforts made to minimise environmental impact... 

There are many definitions of clean technology, for practical purposes clean chemical manufacturing technology is the choice and organisation of synthesis route, reagents, engineering and by-product processing and disposal in order to minimise the overall environmental impact of the manufacture of the desired product. More succinctly, this can be described as, minimise the environmental impact of the auxiliaries and byproducts . This entails ... 

Design processes and products which are innovative, energy-efficient and cost-effective, make the best use of scarce resources and ensure that waste and adverse environmental impact are minimised. 

The need to eliminate and minimise waste streams and produce environmentally friendly products is fundamental to the production process. To obtain a yes score this approach to process design must be clearly recognised in the CER. Factors included in the assessment will include product safety, the use of renewable raw materials, efficient processes, and manufacturing techniques and energy sources designed to minimise environmental impact. 

Environment Akzo Nobel protects the environment by preventing or minimising environmental impact of its activities and products through appropriate design, manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal practices . 

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