Explosion risks

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

Polyurethanes. These polymers can be considered safe for human use. However, exposure to dust, generated in finishing operations, should be avoided. Ventilation, dust masks, and eye protection are recommended in foam fabrication operations. Polyurethane or polyisocyanurate dust may present an explosion risk under certain conditions. Airborne concentrations of 25—30 g/m are required before an explosion occurs. Inhalation of thermal decomposition products of polyurethanes should be avoided because carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are among the many products present. 

Hot feed Provide and maintain an automated inerting (increases system—oxygen concentration or pressure fire/explosion risk controlled with flammable. Eliminate leakage sources (ftimes/air) solvents). Use alternative solvents (nonflammable or less flammable) Reduce feed temperature and/or monitor temperature of feed and interlock with feed shutdown NFPA 69... 

Dow Eire and Explosion Index (E El) A method (developed by Dow Chemical Company) for ranking the relative fire and explosion risk associated with a... 

Simple asphyxiant. Some gases and vapours present at high concentrations act as asphyxiants by reducing the oxygen content of air. Many of these are odourless and colourless. Many also pose a fire or explosion risk, often at values below which asphyxiation can occur. (Although capable of asphyxiation, they are not considered to be substances hazardous to health under COSHH.)... 

Certain chemicals pose fire and explosion risks because ... 

Eor the purposes of safety distanees in eonneetion with the issue of lieenees for faetories and magazines, explosives have been eategorized as X - fire or slight explosion risks or both, with only loeal effeet Y - mass fire risks or moderate explosion risk, but not mass explosion risk Z - mass explosion risk with serious missile effeet ZZ - mass explosion risk with minor missile effeet. 

Group 1 Chlorate and metal perchlorate report or whistling compositions Dry non-gelatinized cellulose nitrates Barium peroxide/zirconium compositions Burn very violently Flash shells (maroons) Casings containing flash compositions Sealed hail-preventing rockets Mass explosion risk... 

Assessing fire or explosion risks from atmospheres eontaining flammable gas, vapour or dust. Determining oxygen eontent of the working atmosphere. 

Inherent or possible explosion risks (e.g. static discharge associated with extinguishant discharge). 

Fire and explosion risks from pentane m expandable polystyrene (EPS) Plastics recycling... 

These include, for example, smoke extraction systems. In ventilation and air conditioning systems certain equipment can also require special safety measures (e.g., due to explosion risks). 

Requirements on parameters that may influence the building and its performance and target levels to be determined for occupational zones and non-occupational zones are the following temperature, humidity, air velocity, contaminant concentration (particles, gases), odors, biocontamination (in air and on surfaces), fire/explosion risk, noise, vibrations, radiation (IR, UV, radioactive, etc.), sunshine, loading on floors, and pressure differences (in,side-outside and between rooms). 

Electrostatic shocks Eliminated at high moisture conrenr. Increased at low moisture contciu, causing discomfort to occupants and damage to electronic components. High explosion risk. 

In general, electrostatic precipitators have been shown to best suit those applications where high gas flows must be handled and relatively high efficiency is required. It must also be emphasized that the use of electrostatic precipitators is limited to those applications where the explosion risks are minimal. 

Ejector A device used to provide a primary airstream into which the contaminated air is entrained for subsequent removal. Used when corrosive products, high temperatures, fan blockage by particulate matter, or fire or explosion risk make a fan unsuitable. 

Explosiveness A measure of the liklihood of a material to explode. For example, aerosol particles provide a very large surface area, accelerating the oxidation reaction, resulting in a high explosion risk. 

High potential hazard The health, fire, or explosion risk resulting from the presence of certain materials in excess of a certain limit. 

Lithium perchlorate solutions are thermally unstable and show explosion risks, especially in ethers [50, 51],... 

Fire-explosion risk FER is determined using the equation ... 

There is a high explosion risk in the preparation of triphenylphosphine as in the reaction below. This risk can be reduced by adding a mole per cent of a light alcohol. 

Direct preparation of the gas is potentially hazardous, and explosive decomposition of the impure gas in the condensed state (below -20°C) has occurred. A safe procedure involving isolation of the 1 1 adduct with 9,10-dimethylanthracene is preferred. The impure gas contains nitrogen oxide and it is known that nitrosyl cyanide will react with the latter to form an explosive compound [1], The need to handle this compound of high explosion risk in small quantities, avoiding condensed states, is stressed [2],... 

Acetyl peroxide may readily be prepared and used in ethereal solution. It is essential to prevent separation of the crystalline peroxide even in traces, since, when dry, it is shock-sensitive and a high explosion risk [1], Crystalline material, separated and dried deliberately, detonated violently [2], The commercial material, supplied as a 30% solution in dimethyl phthalate, is free of the tendency to crystallise and is relatively safe. It is, however, a powerful oxidant [1]. Precautions necessary for the preparation and thermolysis of the peroxide have been detailed [3,4],... 

It effectively hydroxylates hydrocarbons but is free of the explosion risk of the analogous pyridine /V-oxide complex. 

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