Overall Design

The study was designed as a naive subject study using the dynamic driving simulator of the BMW Group in Munich. The subjects were neither informed about the specific research questions, i.e., the presence of a preventive pedestrian protection system, of the study nor the general setting. The official invitation announced a study on urban driving. 

The preventive pedestrian protection system implemented in the experiment has the following key characteristics [2]  

The brake assist is reconfigured after the onset of a warning. In case of a driver-initiated braking after a warning, the desired deceleration is automatically set to 10.0 m/s in order to achieve the maximum possible deceleration (the actual deceleration is dependent on the friction coefficient and the tire-surface combination). It is important to note in this context that a deceleration can only be realized with a time delay following the activation of the brake pedal or a request by the system. It can be assumed that a deceleration of, e.g., 10.0 m/s needs about 0.3 s before the actual level of deceleration is reached [2]. 

An automatic action of the system only takes place if the driver has not reacted by evasive steering or braking before the corresponding TTC threshold. If the driver is already braking, but below the specified deceleration, the deceleration is increased by the system to the specified value. If the driver is already braking harder than the system would, driver-initiated braking will not be altered by the system. 

The experiment lasted about 110 min and was structured into the following segments (the situations are described in detail below)  

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Since process design starts with the reactor, the first decisions are those which lead to the choice of reactor. These decisions are among the most important in the whole design. Good reactor performance is of paramount importance in determining the economic viability of the overall design and fundamentally important to the environmental impact of the process. In addition to the desired products, reactors produce unwanted byproducts. These unwanted byproducts create environmental problems. As we shall discuss later in Chap. 10, the best solution to environmental problems is not elaborate treatment methods but not to produce waste in the first place. 

It is thus recommended that in a first pass through a design, thermal coupling should not be considered. Rather, simple columns should be used until a first overall design has been established. Only when the full heat-integration context has been understood should thermal coupling be considered. 

Unfortunately, the overall design problem is even more complex in practice. Spare driving forces in the process could be exploited equally well to allow the use of moderate utilities or the integration of heat engines, heat pumps, etc. in preference to distillation integration. 

In Its overall design this procedure is similar to the Gabriel synthesis a nitrogen nude ophile IS used m a carbon-nitrogen bond forming operation and then converted to an ammo group m a subsequent transformation... 

The objectives of the study should be precisely stated and the work presented in a clear and coherent matter, with all the detail necessary to allow the reviewer to make his or her own assessment of the study. It should be confirmed that the overall design of the protocol satisfies the needs of the objectives of the study. 

Recommended Overall Design Strategy When considering the design of a gas-absorption system involving chemical reactions, the following procedure is recommended ... 

Tolerance stack analysis - Tolerances on components that are assembled together to achieve an overall design tolerance across an assembly can be individually analysed, their potential variability predicted and their combined effect on the overall conformance determined. The analysis can be used to optimize the design through the explorations of alternative tolerances, processes and materials with the goal of minimizing the costs of non-conformance. This topic is discussed in depth in Chapter 3. 

The inlet and exhaust systems in gas turbines are described. The inlet and exhaust systems consist of an inlet filter, silencers, ducting, and expansion joints. The design of these systems can be critical to the overall design of a gas turbine. Proper filtration is a must, otherwise problems of blade contamination and erosion ensue. The standards are minimal for specifications. 

Proper thermal design is essential to the overall design of a power supply. Overdissipation failures aeeount for probably the largest portion of the failures. Therefore, it is essential that the designer understands its basie prineiples. 

These data bases will provide, first, the column specifications and, second, the analytical specifications. A diagram representing the overall design protocol is shown diagramatically in Figure 1. 

The reactor is often the heart of a chemical process. It is the place in the process where raw materials are usually converted into products, and the reactor design is therefore a vital step in the overall design of the process. The treatment of reactors in this section is restricted to a discussion of the... 

The consistent sizing (i.e. balancing the capacities) of the equipment that is to make up a plant is obviously of importance in the overall design. Models used for this type of decision are usually an extension of the manual calculations that a designer would normally make. 

Economizers for boilers have been available for over 150 years, almost as long as boilers themselves. For shell boilers, increasing efficiencies have made it increasingly difficult to justify the use of an economizer, the final decision being based in terms of payback period, which is also heavily dependent on fuel prices. Watertube boilers, on the other hand, need an economizer section in the gas passes in order to obtain satisfactory efficiency. For this reason, the economizer is integrated into the overall design, normally between the convective superheater and the air heater if fitted. 

Information on maintenance is available from a large number of sources. The initial one is that of the manufac-turer/supplier for new plant and equipment. Where this plant and equipment forms a part of a process, the party responsible for the overall design must prepare the appropriate operation and maintenance and instmctions. These should be supported by technical manuals, which should include spare parts lists, control measures, and, where possible, faultfinding charts. 

The overall design process depends on the use of codes of practice and specifications, and to an increasing extent on computer-based techniques. The potential cost of delay is therefore a strong incentive to the use of standard solutions, compatible with the codes of practice , and to develop ways of using the computer to provide corrosion information and knowledge, or to improve prediction of corrosion behaviour. Note that both points relate to the use of existing knowledge, in the sense of an important conclusion of the Hoar Report. ... 

Corrosion can, however, be a factor in another type of assessment, which is arguably more important. It could influence important decisions about the whole project, taken at an early stage in the overall design process, which are concerned with the fundamental basis of the project rather than with corrosion aspects directly. In a major project, feasibility assessments in the initial stages are used to decide between possible alternatives, later effort being concentrated on one or two preferred options. If corrosion considerations are relevant they can influence the economics of the project as a whole, and have a much larger effect than in the first type of assessment. 

The latter part of this chapter has dealt with the design considerations for a sacrificial anode cathodic protection system. It has outlined the important parameters and how each contributes to the overall design. This is only an introduction and guide to the basic principles cathodic protection design using sacrificial anodes and should be viewed as such. In practice the design of these systems can be complex and can require experienced personnel. 

The time/temperature-dependent change in mechanical properties results from stress relaxation and other viscoelastic phenomena that are typical of these plastics. When the change is an unwanted limitation it is called creep. When the change is skillfully adapted to use in the overall design, it is referred to as plastic memory. 

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