Environmental regulation

Although it may be felt that environmental analysts must, by definition, focus on analysis of refinery products and wastes, knowledge of the various environmental regulations (Table 5.1) is always helpful in determining the analyses that must be performed. 

Despite this exclusion, the refining industry has come under considerable strain because of several important factors and changes in the industry. Over the years, there has been an increased demand for petroleum products and a decrease in domestic production. However, there has been no new major refinery construction in the United States in the last three decades. This lack of infrastructure growth has caused a strain on the industry in meeting existing demand and has resulted in an increase in the amount of petroleum imports to meet the increasing need for liquid fuel. 

Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry, by James G. Speight Copyright 2005 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Subpart Cb Designated Facilities—Existing Sulfuric Acid Units Subpart D Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators Constructed After 8/17/71 

Subpart Da Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Constructed After 9/18/78 

Many people within the pharmaceutical industry seem to think that the only regulations which apply to pharmaceuticals are those derived from the medicines regulators such as the United States FDA and the EMEA. However, this is not the case, and increasingly pharmaceuticals are coming to the attention of environmental regulators. 

Commerci isohexane (none) (same as hexane isomers) No Yes  

Abbreviations CAS No., Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number VOC, volatile organic chemical HAP, hazardous air pollutant CWA, Clean Water Act 1, insoluble in H O MISC., miscible inHjO and 0.01,0.01 parts soluble in 100 parts HjO. Source for water solubility Ref 47. 

Chemical Name (CAS No.) (RCRA) (EPCRA/SARA Title III)  

The EPA clarrified that the listing for hexane was only for n-hexane, other isomers ofhexane arenot inchrded. (59 FR 61457 Nov. 30, 1994). 

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This flowsheet can not meet newly required environmental regulations ... 

If extra treatment capacity is not cost effective another option may be to handle the produced water differently. The water treatment process is defined by the production stream and disposal specifications. If disposal specifications can be relaxed less treatment will be required or, a larger capacity of water could be treated. It is unlikely that environmental regulators will tolerate an increase in oil content, but if much of the... 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Another factor is the potential economic benefit that may be realized due to possible future environmental regulations from utilizing both waste and virgin biomass as energy resources. Carbon taxes imposed on the use of fossil fuels in the United States to help reduce undesirable automobile and power plant emissions to the atmosphere would provide additional economic incentives to stimulate development of new biomass energy systems. Certain tax credits and subsidies are already available for commercial use of specific types of biomass energy systems (93). 

BNA California Environment Daily BNA Chemical Regulation Daily BNA Chemical Regulation Reporter BNA Daily Environment Report BNA Environmental Law Database BNA Environmental Law Update BNA International Environment Daily CELDS Environmental Regulations... 

California environmental law pesticides, chemicals, biotechnology chemicals, pesticides, ha2ardous wastes state international environmental issues chemistry, pesticides, environment environmental poHcy pollution, waste management U.S. environmental regulations... 

Historically the United States was a primary exporter of ion-exchange resin. As of 1994, the United States imports substantially more than it exports. Because compliance with tightening environmental regulations in the United States impacts on the cost of manufacture, offshore resin is most often lower in price. 

In the United States and increasingly in other parts of the world, environmental regulations prohibit the combustion of all but very low sulfur-content coals without sulfur oxide emission controls. The cost of installing sulfur oxide control equipment together with concern about equipment rehabihty have led to the shipment of the lower rank low sulfur coals from up to 1600 km away from the mining site. 

Owing to environmental regulations, the consumption of lead-based pigments, lead chromate [7738-97-6], in particular, has been decreasing steadily at an average aimual rate of about 5% since the early 1980s. In 1993 production was estimated to be around 20,000 t (see Lead compounds). 

Cadmium-based pigments have been hit particularly hard by environmental regulations. As the result, consumption in 1993 was estimated to be between 1.5—5 thousand metric tons. The future of this pigment category is particularly questionable in North America. 

There is also, however, an increasing resistance by local communities to siting new plants in many of these European areas. Moreover, the environmental regulations have become increasingly stringent in Germany, the Netherlands, and Erance. It is estimated that the environment and other safety-related costs in Germany have risen to the point where 30% of the total capital investment needed is for environmental and safety measures. 

Nuclear Reactors. Nuclear power faciUties account for about 20% of the power generated in the United States. Although no new plants are plaimed in the United States, many other countries, particularly those that would otherwise rely heavily on imported fuel, continue to increase their nuclear plant generation capacity. Many industry observers predict that nuclear power may become more attractive in future years as the price of fossil fuels continues to rise and environmental regulations become more stringent. In addition, advanced passive-safety reactor designs may help allay concerns over potential safety issues. 

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