Disinfectant

Cleaning products are used regularly in most households These include dishwashing detergents, denture cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, oven cleaners, drain cleaners, wood and metal cleaners and polishes, tub, tile, and shower cleaners, bleach and pool chemicals. Toxic chemicals contained in household cleaners include glycol ethers, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactants, and heavy metals J32l 

Cosmetics are used daily in most households. These include facial and body creams, hair colorants, setting and other treatment products, nail polishes, lipsticks, facial powders, perfumes, and deodorants. Toxic chemicals contained in cosmetics include many of those listed on the EPA 129 priority pollutants list (see Section 8.8). Some of these are formaldehyde, PAHs, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. I32l 

Deodorizers are used in bathrooms, around pets, on carpets and upholstery, and for aesthetic purposes. Toxic chemicals contained in deodorizers include glycol ethers, quaternary ammonium compounds, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. 1331 

Disinfectants are used in bathrooms, kitchens, and to combat mold and mildew. Toxic chemicals contained in these include chlorine, chloramines and quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, and glycol ethers J32l 

Triclosan also has a broad-range bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, molds, and yeasts. It is metabohzed to its glucuronide 

Other disinfectants include quartemary ammonium compounds (QACs) such as benzalkonium chloride (BACl) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDMAC). Disinfectants have been shown to denitrifying bacteria at concentrations as low as 1-2 ng L (Kiimmerer, 2004b). QACs are specifically not used for disinfecting clothing, but their use is central in other purposes. Triclocarban and triclosan have an aromatic structure that is rich in chlorides, which contribute to their persistence in the environment. QACs are also quite persistent in the environment (Al-Ahmad et al., 2000). Other disinfectants include chloramines and 1,3-dichlorosucyanuric acid as well as PVP-iodide-based disinfectants. 

As the widespread use of silver nanoparticles in medical apphances continues to expand, the exposure of the body to silver wiU clearly increase. Although, traditionally, silver is believed to be relatively nontoxic to mammalian cells, in 2005 a review was conducted of the occupational risks of workers in the silver industry, when metallic silver was considered to represent a rninimal health risk [82]. It is not known, however, whether this holds true for silver nanoparticles. This is of 

---

Disinfeetion. Chlorine, as gaseous chlorine or as the h5rpochlorite ion, is widely used as a disinfectant. However, its use in some cases can lead to the formation of toxic organic chlorides, and the discharge of excess chlorine can be harmful. Ozone as an alternative disinfectant leads to products that have a lower toxic potential. Treatment is enhanced by ultraviolet light. Indeed, disinfection can be achieved by ultravifflet light on its own. 

Condy s fluid A disinfectant solution of calcium and potassium permanganates. 

Htrichlorophenol, C6H3CI3O. Colourless crysfa)]inesubslance,m.p. 68°C. Usedmedicin-ally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

The aqueous solution of sodium chlorate(I) is an important liquid bleach and disinfectant. It is produced commercially by the electrolysis of cold aqueous sodium chloride, the anode and cathode products being mixed. The sodium chloride remaining in the solution does not usually matter. There is evidence to suggest that iodic(I) acid has some basic character... 

Minor—wash thoroughly with soap or disinfectant and water until absolutely clean. Apply sterile dressing. 

If the third substance dissolves in both liquids (and the solubility in each of the liquids is of the same order), the mutual solubility of the liquids will be increased and an upper C.S.T. will be lowered, as is the case when succinic acid or sodium oleate is added to the phenol - water system. A 0 083 molar solution of sodium oleate lowers the C.S.T. by 56 -7° this large effect has been applied industrially in the preparation of the disinfectant sold under the name of Lysol. Mixtures of tar acids (phenol cresols) do not mix completely with water at the ordinary temperature, but the addition of a small amount of soap ( = sodium oleate) lowers the miscibility temperature so that Lysol exists as a clear liquid at the ordinary temperature. 

Acids on the skin. Wash immediately and thoroughly with a liberal quantity of water, then with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and finally with water. For a serious acid bum, follow this by applying a disinfectant, drying the skin and covering with acriflavine jelly. 

If the cut is Only a minor one, allow it to bleed for a few seconds, see that no glass remains, apply a disinfectant (rectified spirit, Dettol, 1 per cent aqueous chloramine-T solution, or sulpha-pyridine powder) and bandage. 

For serious cuts, send for a doctor at once meanwhile wash with a disinfectant and endeavour to check bleeding by applying pressure immediately above the cut. Continuous pressure should not be maintained for more than five minutes. 

Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. 

Amines also react with epoxides at the less substituted carbon atom. As a slightly more testing problem, suggest a synthesis of the alcohol (TM 165) whose derivatives are used in disinfectants ("phemeiide" etc.). 

---