Disinfection products

We only briefly mentioned alkaline stabilization, but in reality this is a variation of sludge pasteurization. The basic process uses elevated pH and temperature to produce a stabilized, disinfected product. The two alkaline stabilization systems most common in the U.S. are a lime pasteurization system and a cement kiln dust pasteurization system. The lime pasteurization product has a wet-cake consistency, while the kiln dust pasteurization has a moist solid like consistency. Both products can be transported to agricultural areas for ultimate use. Literature studies show that the kiln dust product can capture a marketable value of 6.60/Mg ( 6.00/ton) to offset hauling costs, while the lime product does not appear to be able to capture financial credits for product revenues at this point in time. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. 

Many of the phenols which are used in household and other commercial disinfectant products are produeed from the tar obtained by distillation of coal or more recently petroleum. They are known as the tar acids. These phenols are separated by fractional distillation according to their boiling point range into phenol, cresols, xylenols and high boiling point tar acids. As the boiling point increases the properties of the products alter as shown ... 

Q. Do you recall that these statistics showed that. .. the sale of all disinfection products declined except Zyclon B, which increased Do you recall that ... 

Section 18.8 deals with the identification and the determination of disinfection products in waters and of the by-products formed during chlorination processes. 

Pine oil production in general has continued to decline. One of the principal factors is the decrease in the amount of pine oil used in cleaner and disinfectant products. The pine oil content of those products has dropped from 70—90% to 10—30% (116). 

I started reacting to everything glue, paint, perfumes, laundry detergents and fabric softeners, smoke, car exhaust, newspapers. This sensitivity made it very difficult for me to go to a supermarket or shopping mall. At a hospital I became disoriented from the cleaning and disinfecting products. I became ill... 

Surfactants are used primarily as inert ingredients of pesticides, especially in agricultural applications. These surfactants usually have TSCA as well as inert pesticidal regulatory status in the US. Some surfactants are active components in pesticides. For example, the cationic surfactants benzalkonium chloride and didecyl ammonium chloride and their various derivatives are registered as active ingredients in disinfectant products with many household and industrial applications. 

Bergmann, M. E. H. and Koparal, A. S. (2005), Studies on electrochemical disinfectant production using anodes containing Ru02.1. Appl. Electrochem., 35(12) 1321-1329. 

Variant D in Fig. 7.19 is known from company presentations and describes the production of highly acidic acolytes and the removal of disinfection products and... 

Bergmann, M.E.H., Rollin, J., Koparal, A.S. and Kresse, K. (2006b) What is the ominous chlorine consumption in the disinfectant production from drinking water electrolysis Proceedings 57th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, 27 Aug. to 1 Sept., Edin-burgh/UK, p. S5.0-4. 

US Environmental Protection Agency has compared ultraviolet radiation with other disinfection processes in terms of their technological status (Table 5), disinfectant production (Table 6), operation and maintenance (Table 7), process advantages and disadvantages (Table 8), and applicahon points (Table 9). 

It is common for water suppliers to use disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramines and chlorine dioxide to kill microorganisms such as giardia and E coli. Levels of disinfectants used may be higher after rainstorms in summer months. By-products include trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bro-mate, and chlorite. Levels of disinfection products and by-products are regulated. 

Simulated use tests involve deliberate contamination of instruments, inanimate surfaces, or even skin surfaces, with a microbial suspension. This may either be under clean conditions or may utilize a diluent containing organic (e.g. albumin) material—dirty condition. After being left to dry, the contaminated surface is exposed to the test disinfectant for an appropriate time interval. The microbes are then removed (e.g. by rubbing with a sterile swab), resuspended in suitable neutralizing medium, and assessed for viability as for suspension tests. New products are often compared with a known comparator compound (e.g. 1 minute application of 60% v/v 2-propanol for hand disinfection products— see EN1500) to show increased efficacy of the novel product. 

Toxic chemicals contained in cleaning, freshening, and disinfection products are listed in Table 11.6. 

Table 11.6 Toxic Chemicals Contained in Cleaning Freshening and Disinfection Products...

Weak Bases. Ammonia, or ammonium hydroxide, is a weak alkali base used in many cleaning and disinfecting products. Foods that contain weak alkalis often taste bitter. So do some things that are not edible. Soap bubbles taste bitter because of the alkalis in them. 

In order to facilitate cleaning and possible disinfection, products should not be stored directly on the floor. 

Temperature also affects the activity of QACs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Tests of 18 proprietary disinfectant products used in the food industry showed that their activity decreased as the temperature was decreased from 20° to 10°C [27], This may be related to temperature-induced changes in QAC critical micelle concentration. Alternatively, changes in microbial membrane fluidity may be responsible for the observed changes. More such data with well-defined QAC composition and extended temperature ranges are needed to understand the correlation between temperature and antimicrobial activity of QACs. 

Product type 3 veterinary hygiene biocidal products Product type 4 food and feed area disinfectants Product type 5 drinking water disinfectants... 

Synthetic pine oil is prepared by the hydration of a-pinene with aqueous mineral acids (Fig. 2.4), and is mainly used in household cleaning and disinfection products [7]. The acidic conditions promote the formation of an into-mediate carbocation which readily undergoes rearrangement to form predominantly the isomaic jp-menthane car-bocation, followed by water addition to generate essentially a-terpineol (Fig. 2.4) and minor amounts of fenchol and bomeol. 

Although phenols, chlorophenols, alcohols, hypochlorites, and iodophors are used as active biocide agents against certain strains of bacteria in some applications, formulations with quaternary ammonium compounds as the active biocide ingredients account for the majority of all l I sanitizers and disinfectant products. A variety of known quaternary ammonium compounds are effective, but the quaternary compound of choice is dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. 

ConsExpo 4.1. Based on exposure-relevant information for main categories of consumer products (children s toys, cleaning products, cosmetics, disinfectant products, do-it-yourself products, paint products, pest control products), estimates indoor exposure by adults and children. 

Emission scenario document on drinking water disinfectants (Product type 5). 

Disinfectant Product used on hard inanimate surfaces which destroys microorganisms but not necessarily spores. Also called germicide. 

Lower grades, such as sulfate pine oil are used for the flotation of metallic sulfide ores, including copper, zinc, nickel, iron, and lead. In textiles, the most important property of pine oil is its ability to reduce surface tension and interfacial tension between fiber and solution. Pine oil allows ingredients in wet-processing baths to get into fibers and to work immediately. Also, because of its bacteriocidal activity, it is used in almost all wet processing of cotton, silk, rayon, and woollen goods. Pine oil production has declined as a result of the decrease in the amount of pine oil used in cleaner and disinfectant products. The pine oil content of those products has dropped from 70-90% to 10-30% (182). 

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