Detergents disinfectants and

Ethanol itself finds use as chemical in various applications, particularly as solvent (toiletries and cosmetics, paints, lacquer thinners, printing inks, dyes, detergents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals), besides its uses in the food and beverage industry, and as a disinfectant. 

For Aseptic Processing where disinfection is employed to further reduce the surface contamination level, the choice of disinfectants and the way that they are used should be described in a procedure, in addition, detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics should be supplied sterile, or be sterile-filtered or otherwise sterilised at the use-dilution, or be sterilised as a concentrate and diluted only with sterile water. Diluted disinfectants or antiseptics should not be stored. Containers should not be topped up. Disinfectants/detergents used should be validated and approved. When disinfectants are used, more than one type should be employed. Monitoring should be undertaken regularly to detect the development of resistant stains. Disinfectants and detergents used in Class 1 and 2 areas should be sterilised prior to use. 

Alkaline cleaners and detergents Disinfectants and sanitizers Acid cleaners and detergents Conveyor lubricants Caustic soda cleaners Teat dips All others... 

An extensive Australian evaluation of cost components included static and dynamic trials with various detergents, disinfectants, and household cleaners, as well as the soft Risdon tap water. It was concluded that a ZA-12 type of alloy is adequate for drainage fittings and only slightly inferior to 63/37 brass. 

Soaps and detergents Disinfectants and germicidal agents Cleaning solutions Heat and humidity Sodium chloride solution (20%) Water (wet work)... 

Uses Surfactant intermediate producing end prods, incl. quaternaries and amine oxides for detergent, disinfectant and cosmetic formulations Pmperties Liq. sol. in alcohols and chloroform insol. in water dens. 800 kg/m m.p. -7 C iodine no. 2 max. 96% cone. 

Polysulfones also offer desirable properties for cookware appHcations, eg, microwave transparency and environmental resistance to most common detergents. Resistance to various sterilizing media (eg, steam, disinfectants, and gamma radiation) makes polysulfones the resin family of choice for many medical devices. Uses in the electrical and electronic industry include printed circuit boards, circuit breaker components, connectors, sockets, and business machine parts, to mention a few. The good clarity of PSF makes it attractive for food service and food processing uses. Examples of appHcations in this area include coffee decanters and automated dairy processing components. 

F. Siquet, Disinfection and preservation in detergents, in G. Broze, (ed.), Handbook of Detergents, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999. 

In conclusion, the authors of the cited studies all agree that further research into environmental risk assessment of hospital effluents, incorporating different types of substances used in care and diagnostic activities, as well as cleaning operations (pharmaceuticals, detergents, disinfectants, heavy metals, macropollutants), is vital. Moreover, further studies need to be focussed on evaluating the risk posed by pollutant mixtures, and work is needed to validate the predictive models proposed thus far [19, 49], to evaluate chronic toxicity due to PhCs and then-mixtures and to provide experimental data pertaining to specific case studies. 

The types of compounds that are of concern as contaminants are chlorinated insecticides, organophosphates, herbicides, fungicides, fas-ciolicides (phenolic compounds administered to cattle to control liver flukes), antibiotics and sulfonamides, detergents and disinfectants, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Contaminants in milk have been reviewed by Kroger (1974) and Snelson (1979). In several cases, allowable levels for specific contaminants in milk have been set by the World Health Organization. Surveys have seldom revealed levels in excess of such standards. 

FOUND IN Detergents, disinfectants, carpet cleaners, tub and tile cleaners, and air fresheners... 

Synthetic alcohol demand in the United States in 1979 was estimated at 208 million gallons (190 proof). The same source lists 94 million gallons for chemical manufacture, 42 million for toiletries and cosmetics, 25 million for detergents, flavors and disinfectants, 23 million for coatings and 25 million for other uses. Synthetic alcohol is not used in beverages or gas-ohol (motor fuel). 

Efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family are especially effective in generating resistance and often have a wide substrate specificity. An extreme case is the AcrB pump of E. coli, which pumps out the antibiotics tetracychne, chloramphenicol, 6-lactams, novobiocin, fusidic acid, nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones, as well as detergents, bile salts, various cationic dyes, disinfectants and even solvents. 

Sidwell, R.W., Westbrook, L., Dixon, G.J., and Happich, W.F., 1970. Potentially infectious agents associated with shearling bedpads. I. Effect of laundering with detergent-disinfectant combinations on polio and vaccinia viruses. Appl. Microbiol., 19 53-59. 

Quaternary ammonium salts that have a very long carbon chain, sometimes caUed "quats," are used as disinfectants and antiseptics because they have detergent activity. Two popular quats are benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) and cetylp)n-i-dinimn chloride, found in the mouthwash Cepacol. 

The increased use of synthetic detergents ( syndets ) can create problems of taste and foaming in the re-use of water. These syndets, measured as alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), are not removed by conventional sewage treatments and are not eliminated by water purification processes of coagulation, disinfection, and filtration. Based on an analysis of a number of streams, as of now the concentration of syndets in most streams is below levels that cause difficulties from foam or taste. With the increasing use of syndets, however, the situation could become significant, especially where many communities are located on a single stream with the consequent repeated re-use of the water. 

---