Cellulose disinfectant

Magnesium acetate also has uses as a dye fixative in textile printing, as a deodorant, disinfectant, an antiseptic in medicine, and as a reagent chemical (see Disinfectants AND ANTISEPTICS Textiles) (6). In the United States, Hoescht-Celanese and Tennessee Eastman are the principal producers of magnesium acetate. These companies make about 36,000 t/yr, which is largely used in-house for the production of cellulose acetate. 

Sulphur dioxide is used as a preservative for beer, wine and meats in the production of sulphites and hydrosulphites in solvent extraction of lubricating oils as a general bleaching agent for oils and foods in sulphite pulp manufacture in the cellulose and paper industries and for disinfection and fumigation. 

Considering that severe health hazards and diseases that can be induced by the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria on the surface of numerous materials, bioactive materials incorporated in the surfaces will be required. The cellulose-functionalised with porphyrin 69-71 and 80 were shown to kill gram positive and gram negative bacteria upon irradiation with visible light. Such materials could be used in industrial, household and medical environments, and more generaly in areas that would benefit from permanent and efficient surface disinfection.62 64... 

Uses Manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aldol, aniline dyes, 1-butanol, 1,3-butylene glycol, cellulose acetate, chloral, 2-ethylhexanol, paraldehyde, pentaerythritol, peracetic acid, pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid, trimethylolpropane, flavors, perfumes, plastics, synthetic rubbers, disinfectants, drugs, explosives, antioxidants, yeast silvering mirrors hardening gelatin fibers. 

Chlorine is the oldest and most widespread method of water disinfection. In reverse osmosis systems, chlorine may be added to feedwater for control of micro-organisms and, in addition, to prevent membrane fouling by microbiological growth. According to Vos et al. [i,2], chlorine will attack cellulose diacetate membranes at concentrations above 50 ppm. Membranes were found to show a sharp increase in salt permeability and a decrease in strength after one week of continuous exposure. Under milder conditions (10 ppm chlorine for 15 days) no detectable change in performance was observed. Spatz and Friedlander [3] have also found cellulose acetate membranes to be resistant to chlorine when exposed to 1.5 ppm for three weeks. 

Chlorine dioxide has been used as a water disinfectant, showing fewer undesirable side effects than chlorine [6]. This agent was shown by Vos et al. [1] to be unreactive toward cellulose acetate membranes. The compatibility of chlorine dioxide with other membrane types has not been studied. 

Results of this study confirm the expected improved recoveries of trace organics with membranes more selective and more highly cross-linked than the classical cellulose acetate membrane. Improved recoveries were predicted from literature data reported for similar membrane types. In light of these results, cellulose acetate should no longer be considered for applications such as these. Further improvements in recovery can be expected as developmental membranes with more highly selective barriers are brought into commercial use. Each new membrane type considered for use on disinfected waters should be evaluated for sensitivity to common disinfectants (oxidants). Both decreased selectivity and potentially troublesome chemical breakdown products should be considerations under these conditions. Although the cellulose acetate and FT-30 composite membranes did not prove to be particularly sensitive to chlorine, many commercially available... 

The chemical sensitivity or life expectancy of reverse osmosis membranes is very important for manufacturing application. Thus chlorine is the most well known reagent for water disinfection. Glaster et al. 61 inspected the influence of halogens on the performance and durability of reverse osmosis membranes. Cellulose acetate was unresponsive to halogen agents but polyamide-type membranes deteriorated rapidly when exposed to halogens. 

Sterilization of a membrane system is also required to control bacterial growth. For cellulose acetate membranes, chlorination of the feed water is sufficient to control bacteria. Feed water to polyamide or interfacial composite membranes need not be sterile, because these membranes are usually fairly resistant to biological attack. Periodic shock disinfection using formaldehyde, peroxide or peracetic acid solutions as part of a regular cleaning schedule is usually enough to prevent biofouling. 

Bleaching powder is packed in well sealed wooden barrels or in sheet iron drums. It is used mainly to bleach fabrics in the textile industry and cellulose in the paper industry. Bleaching powder is also a well known disinfectant and is used in purifying water for municipal purposes. Certain quantities are used for oxidation reactions in organic chemistry, for instance in the production of chloroform. The stable product is exported mainly to tropical countries. 

Hydroxyethyl cellulose is also incompatible with certain fluorescent dyes or optical brighteners, and certain quaternary disinfectants which will increase the viscosity of aqueous solutions. 

Applications. In 1994 ca. 305 10 " t of liquid sulfur dioxide was consumed just in the USA, of which 40% was utilized in the manufacture of sulfur-containing chemicals such as sulfites, hydrogen sulfites, thiosulfites, dithionites and salts of hydroxyalkane sulfinic acid and alkane sulfonates. It is also utilized in cellulose manufacture, in the chemical dressing of manganese ores, in the removal of sulfur-containing impurities from mineral oils, for disinfection and preservation in the food industry and for the treatment of water. 

Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidizing agent, bactericide, and antiseptic. It is used in bleaching cellulose, paper pulp, leather, flour, fats and oils, textiles, and beestpwax, and in deodorizing and purifying water. It is currently considered as an alternative to chlorine, as a disinfectant for public water supplies in the United States. It is also used in the manufacture of many chlorite salts. 

The microbial count of air may be reduced by filtration, chemical disinfection and to a limited extent by ultraviolet (UV) light. Filtration is the most commonly used method and filters may be made of a variety of materials such as cellulose, glass wool, fibreglass mixtures or polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) with resin or acrylic binders. There are standards in both the UK and USA for the quality of moving air, in the UK there is a grading system from... 

Use Solvent for hydrocarbon materials, mutual solvent for resins and cellulose esters and ethers, perfumes, soaps, disinfectant, antioxidant, flavoring agent. 

A silane containing hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium salt groups was treated with a triisocyanate to prepare a biocidal film that was active against Escherichia coli for as long as 1 month.188 Cellulose was treated with the appropriate trimethoxysilane to attach a phosphonium salt.189 Polyphosphonium salts based on polystyrene have been prepared with spacers of varying lengths between the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom.190 Polymeric dichlorohydantoins were used to disinfect potable water... 

Incidentally, all of the cellulose acetate membranes will tolerate a limited amount of residual chlorine which allows chlorine to be used for feedwater disinfection. 

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