As antiseptic/disinfectant

Sahcyhc acid USP, EP, and other pharmacopeia grades are used medically as antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and keratolytic agents. Sahcyhc acid is formulated in lotion or ointment formulations for the treatment of dandmff, eczema, psoriasis, and various parasitic skin diseases. Because the keratolytic property of this aromatic acid has use in the safe removal of dead skin cells from the surface of healthy skin, the acid is used in concentrated sahcyhc acid solutions or suspensions to remove warts and corns. In more dilute form, sahcyhc acid preparations have found use in dandmff and eczema treatment. Sahcyhc acid has been considered and found effective by the Advisory Committees to the FDA in various over-the-counter (OTC) dmg regulated uses. Among these are acne products, dermatitis, dry skin, dandmff and psoriasis products, and foot care products (24). 

Table 10.6 Examples of the main antimicrobial groups as antiseptics, disinfectants and presenratives... 

Biocides are widely used as antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives in a variety of fields, e.g. industrial, medical and pharmaceutical, dental, veterinary, food microbiology. 

Used as antiseptic disinfectant for surgical, instruments, utensils, baths etc. 

At the right concentration (the critical micelle concentration). the molecules concentrate at the interface between immiscible solvents, such as water and lipid, and walcr-in-oil or oil-in-waier emulsions may be formed wilb ibe ammonium head group in the water layer and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chain associated with the oil phase. The synlhc.s and antimicrobial actions of the members of this class oi compounds were first reported in 1908. but it was not until the pioneering work of Gerhard Domagk in 1935 that attention was directed to their usefulness as antiseptics, disinfectants. and preservatives. 

THERAP cat (VET) Internally for goiter, hypothyroidism, in iodine deficiency. Topically as antiseptic, disinfectant, counterirritant and to promote absorption. 

Reactions in Aqueous Media. The chemistry of aqueous iodine has been extensively studied because of the role of iodine as a disinfectant (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics). The system is very complex, owing to the number of oxidation states available to iodine under ambient conditions (48). 

Several methods have received considerable research attention as alternatives to salt curing. These include use of sodium bisulfite as a disinfectant to allow preservation with or without decreased salt in a brine cure use of disinfectants such as quatenary amines for temporary preservation in direct shipping to the taimery from the packing plant (see Disinfectants and antiseptics) preservation of hides by radiation sterilization (see Sterilization techniques) and substitution of materials such as potassium chloride for sodium chloride. These methods have found only limited commercial success. 

Other organic mercurials used as antiseptics iaclude mercocresol/5 (9 )7-77-(y, acetomeroctol [584-18-9] acetoxymercuri-2-ethylhexyiphenosulfonate [1301 -13-9] and sodium2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dihydroxymercuribenzophenone-2-sulfonate/i)(9 )(9 7-j5y (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). 

Povidone—iodine is a brown, water-soluble powder containing approximately 10% iodine. However, the amount of free iodine, which is responsible for the antimicrobial activity, is low in a concentrated solution, but is released as the solution is diluted (41). Concentrated solutions have actually been contaminated with bacteria (42). For use as an antiseptic, povidine—iodine is diluted with water or alcohol to a concentration of 1% iodine. Detergents are added if it is used as a surgical scmb. lodophors are important as broad-spectmm antiseptics for the skin, although they do not have the persistent action of some other antiseptics. They are also used as disinfectants for clinical thermometers that have been used by tuberculous patients, for surface disinfection of tables, etc, and for clean equipment in hospitals, food plants, and dairies, much as chlorine disinfectants are used. 

The growth of bacteria, as with other living organisms, can be inhibited or prevented. Antiseptics, disinfectants, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents are the names given to special chemicals developed to combat infectioa They are discussed in later chapters. 

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. The presence of water is essential for activity, hence 100% ethanol is ineffective. Concentrations between 60 and 95% are bactericidal but a 70% solution is usually employed for the disinfection of skin, clean instruments or surfaces. At higher concentrations, e.g. 90%, ethanol is also active against most viruses, including TUV. Ethanol is also a popular choice in pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic products as a solvent and preservative. 

Hypochlorous acid is used in bleaching fibers and textiles as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant for purification. It also is used as a chlorinating agent for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The compound is prepared and marketed only in aqueous solution. It is used mostly as a disinfectant and a topical antiseptic. Also, it is used to make Nessler s reagent for analyzing ammonia, and as an analytical reagent for alkaloids. 

Resorcinol 1/3 as potent as phenol (used both as an antiseptic/ disinfectant). Used as antiseptic. 

Iodophors are complexes of iodine with a surface-active agent such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP povidone-iodine). Iodophors retain the activity of iodine. They kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and lipid-containing viruses. They may be sporicidal upon prolonged exposure. Iodophors can be used as antiseptics or disinfectants, the latter containing more iodine. The amount of free iodine is low, but it is released as the solution is diluted. An iodophor solution must be diluted according to the manufacturer s directions to obtain full activity. 

Antiseptics - [DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS] (Vol 8) -industrial applications [INDUSTRIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS] (Vol 14) -mercury compounds in [MERCURY COMPOUNDS] (Vol 16) -mercury-containing [MERCURY] (Vol 16) -quaternary ammonium compounds as [QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 20)... 

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