Disinfectants povidone-iodine

It is also used in the production of one of the most important topical disinfectants, povidone-iodine. 

The only known exceptions, i.e. substances that become less soluble or even precipitate, are polyphenols, e.g. tannin, and hexylresorcinol [10,108]. In general, all complexes with povidone are formed only under acidic conditions and are unstable and can decompose in the alkaline pH range. Typical examples are cobalt [388] and the disinfectant, povidone-iodine [9] in which all the iodine, with the exception of a few ppm of free iodine, is complexed (Fig. 21). 

MS Marr, B Saggers. A skin disinfectant. Povidone-iodine (Betadine). Nurs Times 60 758-759, 1964. 

Disinfectants. Several disinfecting agents can be used in hatcheries and two are of particular interest. Because they are not considered dmg or food additive uses by FDA, povidone—iodine compounds can be used to disinfect the surface of eggs (9). Benzalkonium chloride [68424-85-1] and benzethonium chloride (quaternary ammonium compounds), are allowed at 2 mg/L by FDA to disinfect water containing fish. These compounds are also known to have therapeutic properties, especially against external bacteria (9). 

Povidone—iodine is a brown, water-soluble powder containing approximately 10% iodine. However, the amount of free iodine, which is responsible for the antimicrobial activity, is low in a concentrated solution, but is released as the solution is diluted (41). Concentrated solutions have actually been contaminated with bacteria (42). For use as an antiseptic, povidine—iodine is diluted with water or alcohol to a concentration of 1% iodine. Detergents are added if it is used as a surgical scmb. lodophors are important as broad-spectmm antiseptics for the skin, although they do not have the persistent action of some other antiseptics. They are also used as disinfectants for clinical thermometers that have been used by tuberculous patients, for surface disinfection of tables, etc, and for clean equipment in hospitals, food plants, and dairies, much as chlorine disinfectants are used. 

Of the four halogens, iodine is the weakest oxidizing agent. Tincture of iodine, a 10% solution of I2 in alcohol, is sometimes used as an antiseptic. Hospitals most often use a product called povidone-iodine, a quite powerful iodine-containing antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be diluted with water to the desired strength. These applications of molecular iodine should not delude you into thinking that the solid is harmless. On the contrary, if I2(s) is allowed to remain in contact with your skin, it can cause painful bums that are slow to heal. 

A number of agents have been used to disinfect pressure sores (e.g., povidone-iodine, iodophor, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid) as well as other types of open wounds however, these agents should be avoided as they impair healing. 

Consider using organic complexes like iodophors and povidone-iodine that get trapped in surfactant micelles and release iodine as a disinfectant upon dilution, for products that contact human skin. 

Iodophors are complexes of iodine with a surface-active agent such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP povidone-iodine). Iodophors retain the activity of iodine. They kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and lipid-containing viruses. They may be sporicidal upon prolonged exposure. Iodophors can be used as antiseptics or disinfectants, the latter containing more iodine. The amount of free iodine is low, but it is released as the solution is diluted. An iodophor solution must be diluted according to the manufacturer s directions to obtain full activity. 

It is widely employed as a disinfectant in medicine (Povidone-iodine) because of its mildness, low toxicity, and water solubility. According to the U.S. Pharmacopeia, l ovidone-iodme is a free-flowing, brown powder dial contains from 9-12% available iodine. 11 is soluble in water and lower alcohols. When dissolved in water, the uncomplexed free iodine level is very low however, tine complexed iodine acts as a reservoir and by equilibrium replenishes the free iodine lo the equilibrium level. This prevents free iodine from being deactivated because the free form is continually available at effective biocidal levels from this large reservoir. PVP will interact with other small anions and resembles serum albumin and other proteins in this regard. It can be salted in with anions such as NaSC.N or out with NasSOa much like water-soluble proteins. 

The application of povidone-iodine formulations cannot be recommended for surgical hand disinfection, since active iodine-free formulations are available. 

The activity of povidone-iodine in preoperative skin disinfection in adults is well proven. 

Povidone-iodine is appropriate for skin disinfection before an incision, a puncture, with use of intravenous or arterial catheters, and for the prophylaxis of iatrogenic Clostridia infections. 

Povidone-iodine is contraindicated in premature babies and neonates this also applies to prophylactic disinfection of the umbilical stump. 

Iodine concentrations in breast milk and in random urine in neonates and the serum concentrations of neonatal TSH and free thyroxine on day 5 after delivery were measured after the use of povidone-iodine for disinfection after delivery (36). Iodine concentrations in the breast milk and neonatal TSH were significantly raised. Perinatal iodine exposure causes transient hypothyroidism in a significant number of neonates, in whom careful monitoring and follow-up of thyroid gland function are needed. It is better to avoid the use of iodine-containing antiseptics in pregnancy and neonates, especially if follow-up cannot be guaranteed. 

Povidone-iodine used for skin disinfection before skin puncture blood was taken altered serum concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and uric acid. 

Van Steirteghem AC, Young DS. Povidone-iodine ( Betadine ) disinfectant as a source of error. Clin Chem 1977 23(8) 1512. 

Swab the exposed scalp with a povidone-iodine swabstick to disinfect. Apply lidocaine jelly to the scalp and ophthalmic ointment to the eyes. 

Triclosan cannot only be applied as an emulsion, but it also has demonstrated antibacterial and antiinflammatory efficacy in eczema therapy when used as an antiseptic wash.28,30 Likewise, 10% povidone-iodine solution as a disinfectant showed excellent antibacterial activity together with improvement of clinical severity.79 As a 1% solution, chlorhexidine digluconate has shown superior effectiveness to triclosan in vitro, but may be only suitable for therapeutic use in intertriginous areas or as part of wet wrap dressings in the treatment of AD when used as an alcoholic solution.26,80... 

The need of skin disinfectants before injection is controversial.110 It is generally thought that the use of antiseptics may be ineffective and unnecessary.111112 Aseptic conditions are required for the use of catheters to minimize the infection. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine are commonly used for the catheters. 

Iodine concentrations in breast milk and in random urine in neonates and the serum concentrations of neonatal TSH and free thyroxine on day 5 after dehvery were measured after the use of povidone-iodine for disinfection... 

The molecular adduct formation properties of povidone may be used advantageously in solutions, slow-release solid-dosage forms, and parenteral formulations. Perhaps the best-known example of povidone complex formation is povidone-iodine, which is used as a topical disinfectant. 

Disinfection of the ocular surface prior to surgery is recommended. A 2% solution of povidone iodine is non-irritant and will reduce the microbial burden of the external eye significantly for up to 1 h after presurgical preparation. A 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution can be used with similar effect, although this may be irritant in some horses. In either case, scrub preparations must not be used. 

Frosting is reached more quickly with a brush than with a donble cotton bud, unless greater pressure is applied. Brashes should be used once only or disinfected with povidone-iodine. Single-use brushes are preferable would you like to treat your skin with a brush that has already been nsed on acres of nnknown skin ... 

Patients who experience fever during HD should immediately have blood cultures obtained. If a temporary catheter is being used, it should be removed and the tip of the catheter cultured. Commonly used preventive approaches to catheter-related infections include minimizing use and duration of catheters, proper disinfection and sterile technique, and use of exit-site mupirocin or povidone-iodine ointment. Adoption of strict unit protocols that employ universal pre-... 

Intravitreal injections are simple to perform and can be done in an office setting. A typical approach is as follows topical anesthetic drops (e.g., 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride) are instilled onto the ocular surface. Topical lidocaine 4% or proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% is applied to the injection site using cotton tip pledgets. The conjunctiva, lids, and lashes are disinfected with 5% to 10% povidone iodine... 

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