Disinfectant chemical

Therapeutic Function Topical antiseptic and disinfectant Chemical Name 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Common Name —... 

Disinfection Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces... 

In industrially developed and many newly developing countries, the manufacturing and registration of sanitary or disinfection chemicals has been subject to tough regulations for some years by the various national authorities. 

Some jurisdictions, including municipalities that treat make-up water prior to the RO pretreatment systems, have been known to switch disinfection chemicals with little or no warning. In most cases, the switch is from chlorine (or hypochlorite) to chloramines. As discussed in above, if ammonia is added to chlorine to make hypochlorite, chances are that there will be some residual free chlorine in equilibrium with the chloramines that will remain even when the chloramine is "dechlorinated." If free ammonia is present and the RO concentrate pH is greater than 7.0, RO permeate quality can be affected by the switch from free chlorine to chloramine. Any changes in effluent quality for an RO operating on municipal supply should be evaluated for the presence of chlormaine. 

Disinfectants Chemical agents or formulations that are too irritant or toxic on body surfaces, but are used to reduce the level of microorganisms from the surface of inanimate objects to one that is safe for a defined purpose. 

The technology may be more accepted by the pnblic becanse disinfectant chemicals are not heavily involved. 

UV can also be used in water reclamation and reuse. An example is the reclamation of swimming pool water. Usually, the swimming pool water reuse process includes coagulation, filtration, clarifier, disinfection, and pH adjustment. The conventional swimming pool disinfection chemical is chlorine however, high concentrations of residual chlorine can be harmful to human health. The UV technology can be placed between the filters and chlorine disinfection unit as a pre-disinfection unit and remove pathogens. Hence, much less amount of chlorine (compared with the process without UV unit) is needed for residue disinfectant level. 

Adsorption has been used in wastewater treatment primarily for taste and odor control, but it is growing more popular for removal of contaminants such as synthetic organic chemicals, color-forming organics, disinfection chemicals and their by-products (the most notorious being the trihalomethanes), and heavy metals. 

A. T. Palin, "Water Disinfection—Chemical Aspects and Analytical Control," in Disinfection, J. D. Johnson, ed., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1975. I. W. Wei and J. C. Morris, "Eiynamics of Breakpoint Chlorination," in Chemistry of Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution, A. J. Rubin ed., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1974. 

During the past century, petrochemicals have become a vital part of industrial and economic activity around the world. Synthetic polymers are an important part of numerous industrial products, consumer goods, and healthcare applications. Materials such as polystyrene, polyester, and polyvinyl chloride are used in an enormous range of products across a wide variety of market sectors [5]. Textile production, food packaging, construction materials, and communication and entertainment technologies are all reliant on a plentiful supply of plastics. Petrochemicals have also been used extensively as food preservatives, vitamin supplements, refrigerants, antifreeze solutions, cosmetics, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and disinfectants. Chemicals derived from oil have enormous industrial, economic, and social importance. 

Protein coagulation Most of the proteins in a cell consist of enzymes and exist in a dispersed state. Disinfecting chemicals that cause these proteins to precipitate and coagulate will make cells nonfunctional, with resulting death. 

European Union (CEN TC 216) (OECD, 2002) A product which is capable of chemical disinfection. Chemical disinfection The reduction of the number of microorganisms in or on inanimate matrix achieved by action of a product on their structure or metabolism, to a level judged to be appropriate for a specified defined purpose. 

Although biofilms are not fully understood, it is known that once biofilm has formed, it protects itself and rmderlying bacteria from disinfecting chemicals and any flow shear forces that try to disrupt the film. 

Lenntech, Disinfectants Chloramines, white paper, 1998, Http //www. lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/chemical/disinfectants-chloramines. htm, accessed May 22,2014. 

Biocide research today has to consider the toxicological and environmental impacts. The research therefore is focused on making biocides more effective at lower concentrations as well as on developing nontoxic and environmentally friendly products. In fact, many agents aheady known for years to be effective as biocides or as disinfectant chemicals, but considered to be costly, have been put into reuse. Examples are hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, ozone, and peracetic acid. 

A report released by the national environmental health group Women s Voices for the Earth (WVE) (htq> //www.womensvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/ Disinfectant-OverkilLpdf) linked disinfectant chemicals with chronic illnesses and conditions such as asthma, hormone imbalance, and immune system problems in a report titled Disinfectant Overkill How Too Clean May Be Hazardous to Our Health, which cited more than 40 peer-reviewed reports and scientific studies. According to the report Triclosan and Triclocarban, two antibacterial disinfectants may have hormone-disrupting effects Triclosan adversely affects communication between cells in the brain and the heart while Triclocarban appears to amplify testosterone in the body (http //www.womensvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/ Disinfectant-OverkilLpdf). The physical and chemical properties of disinfectants and their byproducts can influence their behavior in drinking water. 

Antisepsis is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and by the corresponding health ministries in other countries it is mainly concerned with medical or veterinary issues. However, most disinfecting chemicals can be utilized for either purpose, taking into account possible skin toxicity for antiseptic formulas and the required high disinfection effectiveness in medical contexts. 

Many chemical feed locations exist in a treatment plant. Rapid dispersion of coagulants occurs in the rapid mix chamber. Polymer filter aids are added just prior to filtration or even on top of the filters. Injecting disinfection chemicals after filtration reduces undesirable by-products. Stabilization of the water provides corrosion control as the water enters the distribution system (Figure 1-1). A careful match of the feed location with the correct chemical leads to peak treatment plant performance. 

Flex cracking at low temperatures and also to ozone cracking. Disinfectants, ethylene oxide and sodium hypochlorite may be used for cleaning or disinfection. Chemical resistance is similar in many respects to LDPE but not as chemically resistant. Low MFR grades have the best resistance. 

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