Disinfection methods

Vashkov V.I. Antimikrobniye sredstva i metody dezinfektsii pri infektsionnykh zabole-vaniyakh (Antibacterial Means and Disinfection Methods with Infectious Diseases). Moscow Meditsina, 1977. 296 pp. 

Methods used to study the efficacy of disinfection methods... 

Table 20.2 Alternative disinfection methods with their advantages and disadvantages...

High temperatures Successful disinfection method Not applicable for all products types consumed raw... 

Enumeration of sludge pathogens and parasites efficiency of disinfection methods indicator organisms epidemiological aspects of sludge utilisation. Fate of pathogens on land. 

McGeehin MA, Reif JS, Becher JC, et al. 1993. Case control study of bladder cancer and water disinfection methods in Colorado. American Journal of Epidemiology 138(7) 493-501. 

Liviac D, Wagner ED, Mitch WA, Altonji MJ, Plewa MJ (2010) Genotoxicity of water concentrates from recreational pools after various disinfection methods. Environ Sci Technol 44(9) 3527-3532... 

Fecal organism inactivation was also studied in nonchlorinated secondary wastewater and raw wastewater by Kurucz et al. (1991). Fecal organisms are absorbed in a dose-dependent manner, and four to five log units of inactivation can be expected as the dose approaches 6 kGy. The total bacterial flora was inactivated at approximately the same level as the coliform for each absorbed dose, as opposed to other disinfectant methods. The fact that the total fecal organisms are inactivated at approximately the same rate indicates that high-energy electrons are indiscriminate disinfectants. 

Disinfection by electrolytic systems operating with diamond electrodes offers several important advantages compared with other existing disinfection methods. Some of these assets are listed below ... 

Fig. 6.7 Inactivation efficiency of Escherichia Coli in tap water with the DiaCell compared to conventional disinfection method using sodium hypochlorite dosing (pH = 7.3)...

Compared to other disinfection methods, such systems have the following assets for this application ... 

Between crops Houses cleaned and disinfected, vegetation to grow back Houses disinfected, methods listed... 

The EPA has summarized the most positive and negative aspects of using potassium permanganate as a disinfection method for drinking water. Many of these apply to other uses as well. Because of the wide variation in systems as well as in water parameters and conditions, some of these aspects may not apply to a particular system. 

Soft contact lenses were introduced in the United States in 1972. At that time, the thermal disinfection method was the only method available. It uses either preserved or unpreserved saline solution. 

When there is less control over raw water quality, such as when the supply is downstream of several towns already using a river, or when the natural supply from a groundwater source is poor, more complicated treatment methods are required (e.g.. Fig. 5.1). Following the preliminary treatment steps outlined in the following paragraphs, filtration plus chlorination, or chlorination alone can be used to disinfect the finished supply. When filtration is not used to supplement disinfection, the U.S. EPA recommends that two different disinfection methods be used to ensure supply safety, (e.g., uv irradiation and chlorination). 

In this chapter we discuss chemical and physical methods of drinking water purification, with special attention to water disinfection methods. 

Table 4. Cost effectiveness of various disinfection methods (after Bunce, 1994).

Method of washing employees hands and disinfecting method when necessary. 

There are no general or standard methods employed in the disinfection of water. Water disinfection methods must be decided on after a thorough evaluation of the source water and the route of delivery. Water treatment is a multiple barrier system and the terminal disinfection step should be applied to water that is nearly completely free of pathogens, pollutants, and biodegradable products. The majority of pathogens (>99%) are successfully removed by the coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration steps during treatment. 

Unused paint g- Disinfection method commonly used for drinking water and... 

Incineration 1. Disinfectant method that can produce bromate ion from... 

Chlorine gas is the most widely nsed disinfectant. Other forms of chlorine, snch as chlorine dioxide, are also nsed. Monochloramine (NH2CI) and dichloramine (NHCI2) are nsed to a limited extent. Ozone is nsed extensively in Enrope bnt less so in the United States. Ultraviolet radiation is becoming the disinfection method of choice for filtered wastewaters becanse fewer problematic disinfection by-prodncts are formed. 

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