Disinfection By-Product Formation

Richardson SD (2011) Disinfection by-products formation and occurrence in drinking water. In Nriagu JO (ed) Encyclopedia of environmental health, vol 2. Elsevier, Burlington, M. A., pp 110-136... 

Andrews RC, Ferguson MJ. 1996. Minimizing disinfection by-product formation while ensuring Giardia control. In Minear RA, Amy GL, eds. Disinfection by-products in water treatment. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc., 17-55. 

Reduction of potential disinfection by-product formation, including tn-halomethanes... 

Plummer, J. D. and J. K. Edzwald (1997). Effect of ozone on disinfection by-product formation of algae. Water Science Technol, Proc. 19971st lAWQ-lWSA Joint Specialist Conf. on Reservoir Manage, and Water Supply—An Integrated Syst, May 19-23, 37, 2, 49-55, Elsevier Science Ltd., Exeter, England. 

Data were collected from January 2007 to December 2013. Water samples were taken at Water Treatment Plant Raba and at selected 23 sampling points on water distribution network. Basic quality and operation parameters such as pH, residual chlorine, chlorine dose, chemical oxygen demand, UV absorbance in 272 nm, temperature were tested everyday at water treatment plant, but disinfection by-products parameters are analyzed once a month. Water quality parameters that characterize the process of disinfection by-products formation (such as pH, temperature, UV absorbance in 272 nm, total organic carbon, residual chlorine, chloroform, sum of trihalomethanes) in water pipes were analyzed on average once a month. 

Beggs, K.M.H., Summers, R.S., andMcKnight, D.M. (2009). Characterizing chlorine oxidation of dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-product formation with fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G04001. 

Xie YF (2004) Disinfection by-products in drinking water. Formation, analysis and control. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL... 

Jacangelo JG, Patania NL, Reagan KM, et al. 1989. Ozonation Assessing its role in the formation and control of disinfection by-products. J Am Waterworks Assoc 81 74-84. 

Hammes F, Salhi E, Koster O, Kaiser H-P, Egli T, von Gunten U (2006) Mechanistic and kinetic evaluation of organic disinfection by-product and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) formation during the ozonation of drinking water. Water Res 40 2275-2286... 

Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Muellner MG, Hsu KM, Richardson SD (2008) Comparative mammalian cell toxicity of N-DBPs and C-DBPs. In Karanfil T, Krasner SW, Westerhoff P, Xie Y (eds) Occurrence, formation, health effects and control of disinfection by-products in drinking water, vol 995. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 36-50... 

Duirk SE, Lindell C, Comelison CC, Kormos J, Temes TA, Attene-Ramos M, Osiol J, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ, Richardson SD (2011) Formation of toxic iodinated disinfection by-products from compounds used in medical imaging. Environ Sci Technol 45 6845-6854... 

Choi J, Valentine RE (2002) Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloramine a new disinfection by-product. Water Res 36(4) 817-824... 

Amer K, Karanfil T (2011) Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water. The contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids. Water Res 45 926-932... 

Chlorine dioxide is an unstable gas that rapidly decomposes in air. In water, chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidizer 50-70% of the chlorine dioxide that reacts with organic and inorganic compounds will immediately appear as chlorite (CIO2 ) and chloride (Cl ) ions. Chlorine dioxide does not form trihalo-methanes as disinfection by-products (DBFs). However, chlorine dioxide does result in the formation of... 

Chang CY, Hsieh YH, Hsu SS, et al. 2000a. The formation of disinfection by-products in water treated with chlorine dioxide. J Hazard Mater B79 89-102. 

Chang CY, Hsieh YH, Shih IC, et al. 2000b. The formation and control of disinfection by-products using chlorine dioxide. Chemosphere 41 1181-1186. 

Froese, K. L., A. Wolanski, and S. E. Hruday, Factors governing odorous aldehyde formation as disinfection by-products in drinking water , Wat. Res., 33,1355-1364 (1999). 

Analytical data and results shall be used to determine whether the modified chlorination process results in at least a 10% reduction of formation of selected disinfection by-products. 

All water sources may contain natural organic matter, but concentrations (usually measured as dissolved organic carbon, DOC) differ from 0.2 to more than 10 mg L l. NOM is a direct quality problem due to its color and odor, but more important are indirect problems, such as the formation of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs, e. g. M -halomethanes (THMs) due to chlorination), support of bacterial regrowth in the distribution system, disturbances of treatment efficiency in particle separation, elevated requirements for coagulants and oxidants or reductions in the removal of trace organics during adsorption and oxidation, etc. 

DOM is ubiquitous in rivers, lakes, groundwater, and oceans. It therefore plays a dominant role in the biosphere as well as in treatment of fresh water, for industrial use and human consumption. The main aspects in addition to the function as microbial nutrients are (a) the interactions with other water constituents like metals and xenobiotics and (b) the reactions with chemicals that are used for water disinfection (e.g., chlorine). The latter leads to the problem of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, which is of toxicological relevance. 

Kitis, M., Kilduff, J. E., and Karanfil,T. (2001). Isolation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from surface waters using reverse osmosis and its impact on the reactivity of DOM to formation and speciation of disinfection by-products. Water Res. 35, 2225-2234. 

Fabbricino, M., and Korshin, G. V. (2005). Formation of disinfection by-products and applicability of differential absorbance spectroscopy to monitor halogenation inchlorinated coastal and deep ocean seawater. Desalination 176, 57-69. 

Drinking Water Disinfection by In-line Electrolysis Product and Inorganic By-Product Formation... 

Chemical chlorate formation can be neglected by estimating reaction rates with known constants. Electrochemical chlorate formation is discussed in Sect. 7.3.3.1. As considered below, side reactions of active chlorine with disinfection by-products are mainly responsible for lowering the chlorine formation efficiency. It was found... 

Bergmann, H. and Rollin, J. (2006c) Product and by-product formation using doped diamond anodes in disinfection electrolysis of drinking water. 1. European Conference on Environmental Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAAOP), Chania/Greece, Conference Materials Full text version P198, pp. 1-6 and Book of Abstracts, p. 218. 

Von Gunten, U. (2003) Ozonation of drinking water Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res. 37, 1469-1487. 

Disinfectants are usually only monitored to ensure that disinfection has taken place. Certain disinfectants, such as chlorine, are sometimes monitored at the tap or in the distribution system, as a measure of the quality in distribution. A wide range of potential by-products of disinfection may be formed in treatment, particularly if natural organic matter is present at high concentrations. The most commonly monitored by-products are the trihalomethanes (THMs) formed through chlorination THMs are normally considered to be an adequate marker of the total disinfection by-products from chlorination. Some countries also monitor haloacetic acids, but these are difficult and expensive to analyse because of their high polarity. Bromate is sometimes measured when ozone is used, but its formation relates to bromide concentrations in the raw water and the conditions of ozonation. Analysis can be extremely difficult and monitoring is not usually considered except where standards have been set or on an infrequent basis. 

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