Disinfectants sodium hydroxide

Chlorine (Cl) Chlorine, like bromine, is a diatomic molecule, Cl2. Chlorine is a toxic green gas that has excellent disinfectant properties. Chlorine gas dissolves in sodium hydroxide to give sodium hypoclorite (NaOCl), which you probably know as Clorox . 

Sodium hydroxide has many different uses in the chemical industry. Considerable amounts are used in the manufacture of paper and to make sodium hypochlorite for use in disinfectants and bleaches. Chlorine is also used to produce vinyl chloride, the starting material for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and in water purification. Hydrochloric acid may be prepared by the direct reaction of chlorine and hydrogen gas or by the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid. It is used as a chlorinating agent for metals and organic compounds. 

Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly called bleach, is a light yellowish liquid with a characteristic chlorine-like odor. It is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is used extensively in disinfections and decontamination procedures. It is quite stable at room temperature, but decomposes when heated forming sodium chlorate and salt. It can be easily prepared using a diaphragm cell, or by passing chlorine gas into a cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. 

Betnovate scalp application is an aqueous suspension and contains carbomer, isopropyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide and purified water. Carbomer is a thickening agent and it is used to increase the stability of suspension/emulsion formulations. Isopropyl alcohol is often used in topical formulations. It may be used as a solvent or as a disinfectant (if >70% concentration). Sodium hydroxide would be used to adjust the pH of the formulation, specifically in this case... 

Sodium hydroxide is most commonly used in solutions of fixed concentration. Sodium hydroxide has some antibacterial and antiviral properties and is used as a disinfectant in some applications. A specification for sodium hydroxide is contained in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). 

While most disinfectants are inadequate for the elimination of prion infectivity, agents such as sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite have been shown to be effective (Chapter 17). 

Most bleach cleaners, however, are simple, water-thin solutions. The most common formulations are a simple combination of hypochlorite bleach, sodium hydroxide (to achieve a pH of 10 to 12), amine oxide surfactant, and a low quantity of perfume. However, despite their simplicity, these types of products are very effective stain removers and disinfectants. 

Hypochlorites (OCI ). Hypochlorite bleach solutions are made from NaOCl and, to a lesser extent, Ca(OCl)2. Hypochlorites are used in laundering, as disinfectants, in the bleaching of pulp and textiles, and in the removal of ink from recycled paper. Commercial bleaching solutions are obtained by passing chlorine gas through cold, dilute, aqueous sodium hydroxide, as shown in equation 7. 

Chlorine compounds are widely used as bleaching agents by the textile and paper industries. Some chlorine compoimds can bleach materials by oxidizing colored molecules. Chlorine compounds are also used as disinfectants. ITousehold bleach is a 5.25% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in water. Chlorine bleach is prepared commercially by passing an electric current through a solution of sodium chloride in water. As the sodium chloride breaks down, sodium hydroxide collects at the cathode and chlorine gas is generated at the anode. Sodium hydroxide and chlorine can then be combined to form sodium hypochlorite. 

Runaway reactions were an underlying cause of other industrial accidents such as that which occurred in Seveso, Italy in 1976. The nearby chemical plant was producing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, an intermediate for manufacturing of a medical disinfectant hexachlorophene. The runaway reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene with sodium hydroxide went out of control and resulted by an explosion and release into atmosphere of an unintended byproduct of this reaction, highly toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The nearby communities were thus exposed to TCDD. This accident triggered industrial environmental safety regulations passed by the European Community in 1982 and termed Seveso Directive. 

Chlorine gas is used to disinfect drinking water and sewage, and in the production of organic chemicals such as pesticides and vinyl chloride, the building block of plastics called polyvinyl chlorides (PVGs, Section 14.5). Chlorine gas is commonly among the top chemicals produced each year in the United States. Almost all chlorine gas is made by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride. The other product of sodium chloride electrolysis, sodium hydroxide, is equally valuable because it is the most commonly used base in industrial processes. The reaction in electrolysis of aqueous NaCl is... 

Chlorine and sodium hydroxide (or caustic soda) are among the top 10 chemicals produced in the world, and are involved in the manufacturing of a myriad of products that are used in day-to-day life. These products include pharmaceuticals, detergents, deodorants, disinfectants, herbicides, pesticides, and plastics. 

Surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol, alkanol amide fatty acid, carbamates, amine oxide, ethoxylated alcohols, betaines Builder carbonates, citrates (Tielator EDTA Alkalinity sodium hydroxide, alkanolamines, sodium carbonate Acid phosphoric, dicarboxylic (like glutaric), citric, sulfamic, acetic Solvent alcohols, glycol ether Disinfectant quaternary ammonium surfactants... 

Hypochlorite can be produced by the reaction of chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide solution. On-site generation of hypochlorite avoids storage and transport difficulties associated with chlorine gas, and is convenient for many applications, including sewage treatment, sterilisation of water, disinfection, biological growth prevention and enhanced oxidation of, for example, cyanide wastes. The electrochemical generation of hypochlorite has been the subject of several reviews (see [84]). 

Dairy farmers may develop irritant contact dermatitis from extended wet work. Disinfectants that may cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis are often used to clean the udders prior to milking [149]. Equipment is cleaned with sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. Dairy farmers are also exposed to hypochlorite iodine, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, and hairs and secretions of cows. Dairy farmers may also develop allergic contact dermatitis to rubber compounds such as isopropylphenyl-N-phenylenediamine (IPPD) [161]. 

Mercury. Sometimes called quicksilver, mercury is the only common metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures. It is a feir conductor of electricity and of high density. It is used in barometers and thermometers, to recover gold from its ore, and to manu-fecture chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Its vapor is used in street lights, fluorescent lamps, and advertizing signs. Mercury compounds have various uses, such as insecticides, rat poisons, disinfectants, paint pigments, and detonators. Mercury easily is alloyed with silver, gold, and cadmium. 

Smface water source (Ottawa River) with low alkalinity (25 mg/L) and total hardness (35 mg/L) but high organic content (DOC = 6.5 mg/L) and colour (30-35 TCU). Secondary disinfection is achieved with the use of monochloramine. Historically, the City of Ottawa has used CaO quicklime to raise the pH of treated water to 8.5 pH units but this practice resulted in increased turbidity and poor pH control. A new strategy was selected whereby sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide to achieve a treated water pH of 9.2 and alkalinity >35 mg/L (as CaCOa) were to be phased in from 2002-2003. The initial phase of changing to sodium hydroxide coincided with an increase in lead levels. 

Sodium hydroxide (lye, solid or concentrated solution) Soap manufacturing Disinfectants Sewer cleaner... 

Household chlorine bleach is a dilute solution of sodium chlorate(i) (sodium hypochlorite). It is prepared by absorbing chlorine gas into cold sodium hydroxide solution. More concentrated solutions are used to disinfect drinking water and swimming pools. Bleach should never be mixed with other household cleaners. With bleach, acid-based cleaners produce chlorine and ammonia-based products produce toxic chloramines, for example NH2CI. 

The chlorine and hydrogen from the electrolysis are important too. For example chlorine is used as a bleach and as a disinfectant for water supplies and swimming pools. Hydrogen is used as fuel for pumping the brine and for heating the sodium hydroxide solution to concentrate it. 

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Much of the salt is utilized in the manufacture of other chemicals. By passing an electric current through salt—electrolysis—it can be broken up into sodium metal and chlorine gas. The sodium can be used as a catalyst, or it can combine with other elements to form new chemicals such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and lye (sodium hydroxide). The chlorine formed by electrolysis can also be used to make other chemicals, or it can be employed in bleaching paper and textiles, or in disinfecting... 

N-Chloroisocyanuric acids, chloroisocyanurates, are prepared by continous reaction of chlorine with isocyanuric acid in aqueous sodium hydroxide at 0-15 C. Their oxidizing and bioactive properties derive from the hypochlorous acid that is slowly released from them in water. They are used as disinfectants for swimming pools, cleaning and sterilizing of bathrooms, laundry bleach and nonshrinking treatment of wool. 

---