Industrial water disinfection

Domestic and Industrial Water Disinfection Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes... 

Rychen P, Provent C, Pupunat L, Hermant N (2010) Domestic and industrial water disinfection using boron-doped diamond electrodes. In Comninellis C, Chen G (eds) Electrochemistry for the environment. Springer, New York... 

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

The new antimicrobial is an order of magnitude less toxic, several orders of magnitude less volatile, easier to handle, more compatible with other water treatment chemicals, more effective against biofilms, and it generates less than half the disinfection by-products compared to chlorine or other alternatives. One hundred fifty billion gallons of industrial water have by now been successfully treated globally. Use of this new antimicrobial has substantially reduced environmental and human health risks from industrial water treatment by replacing nearly thirty million pounds of chlorine. The new product is proven to comparatively perform better, more safely, and it is substantially easier to apply than chlorine. 

Sufficiently cheap UV photodiodes are available but they are not visible-blind. Filters have to be used, but they raise the costs. Sufficiently selective photodiodes are also available but they are too expensive, mainly due to their only recently established technology. The sensor costs have been a limiting factor in two application fields of UV sensors, namely water disinfection and combustion monitoring, on the industrial as well as on the household scale. 

This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. 

Uses Chlorinating agent industrial deodorant, disinfectant intermediate for amino acids, drugs and insecticides polymerization catalyst stabilizer for vinyl chloride polymers household laundry bleach water treatment organic synthesis. 

Chlorinated aromatic compounds are hazardous compounds that result from various industrial and agricultural activities. Water disinfection, waste incineration, and uncontrolled use of biocides are the major sources of chlorinated aromatics in the environment. Chlorinated compounds are also formed as subproducts of the biochemical reactions of herbicides containing chlorophe-noxy compounds. Treatment of chlorinated compounds has been studied using biological treatment, adsorption, air stripping, and incineration. Biodegradation of chlorinated compounds is a slow process that is ineffective for extremely low concentrations. Air stripping and adsorption simply trans-... 

DOM is ubiquitous in rivers, lakes, groundwater, and oceans. It therefore plays a dominant role in the biosphere as well as in treatment of fresh water, for industrial use and human consumption. The main aspects in addition to the function as microbial nutrients are (a) the interactions with other water constituents like metals and xenobiotics and (b) the reactions with chemicals that are used for water disinfection (e.g., chlorine). The latter leads to the problem of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, which is of toxicological relevance. 

Elemental chlorine, Cl2 (mp, -101°C bp, -34.5°C), is a greenish yellow gas that is produced industrially in large quantities for numerous uses, such as the production of organochlorine solvents (see Chapter 11) and water disinfection. Liquified Cl2 is shipped in large quantities in railway tank cars, and human exposure to chlorine from transportation accidents is not uncommon. 

Fem complexes were reported as effective photocatalysts for oxidation of many different organic pollutants, eg alcohols and their derivatives [20,29] organic acids, such as formic [50,53,56], oxalic [37], citric [57], and maleic [58] EDTA [11,20-23], phenol and its derivatives [35, 36, 45,59,60], other aromatic pollutants [38,43,51, 61-64], non-biodegradable azo dyes [40, 41, 48, 55, 59, 65], herbicides [54, 66-70], pesticides [32, 46, 71, 72], insecticides [44], pharmaceuticals and wastewater from medical laboratories [39,47,73], chlorinated solvents [33,74], municipal wastewater [75], and many others [20], The photo-Fenton process was explored as photochemical pre-treatment to improve its biodegradability, especially of biorecalcitrant wastewater from the textile industry [76, 77] the method was also proposed for water disinfection [78,79],... 

Industrial applications such as cooling tower disinfection, process water disinfection, treatment of waste water from laundry, from chemical industry, etc. 

The selection of a treatment process for industrial and municipal wastewater and for industrial coohng, purging or product waters depends mainly on the specific use and the desired water quality. If necessary, it should include UV disinfection, UV detoxification, or UV purification. On the other hand, the production of pure and ultra pure water for pharmaceutical purposes or of cleaning water for computer chip manufacturing industries requires disinfection and total mineralization of the organic matter content (Bendlin, 1995). 

The photo-Fenton processes are explored as photochemical pretreatment of nonbiodegradable and ubiquitous environmental pollutants and/or extremely toxic compoimds in wastewaters, such as persistent organic dyes under visible light irradiation (151,154,180,181) and under UV irradiation (139,182), azo dye factory wastewaters (140,162,183-185), herbicides (186-188), pesticides (152,153,189,190), insecticides (191), pharmaceuticals and wastewaters from medical laboratories (192-197), smdactants (198), industrial effluents with persistent toxic pollutants (199), industrial solvents and wastewaters (167,200), chlorinated solvents (201), and municipal wastewater (202). The photo-Fenton process was proposed to improve the biodegradability of especially biorecalcitrant wastewater, coming from textile industry, and the method was also suggested for water disinfection (203-205). 

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