Disinfectants, penetration

Use Odorant, disinfectant, penetrant, wetting agent, preservative (textile and paper industries), laboratory reagent, fragrances. 

Tuberculocidal Test. The tubercle bacillus is resistant to disinfectants because the cells are protected with a waxy coating that is not readily penetrated. The tuberculocidal test is a use dilution practical type test that employs porcelain cylinders. The bacteria are different from those in the use dilution method (Table 10), the incubation time is longer, and the details of the procedure are different. For example, in the tuberculocidal test the test is divided into two parts, a presumptive test and a confirmatory test. The former employs Mycobacterium smegmatis and the latter employs Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). For the presumptive test the incubation time is 12 days, as against 48 hours for other bacteria used in the use-dilution method. For the confirmatory test the incubation time is 60 days, with an additional 30 days in case there is no growth. As shown in Table 10, the concentrations of the phenol standard are higher than used with other bacteria. 

In contrast, composting processes utilize a mixture of solids and yard waste under controlled environmental conditions to produce a disinfected, humus-like product. Three common composting systems are a horizontal agitated reactor, a horizontal nonagitated reactor, and an aerated static pile system (nonproprietary). Compost can be marketed as a soil conditioner in competition with such products as peat, soil, and mulch. Although a large potential market exists, significant effort is required to penetrate this market. Yard waste revenue of 6.50/m (S5/yd ) and product revenue of 2.00/m ( 1.50/yd ) appear to be reasonable market values based on various studies reported on the Web. 

Dried organic deposits m inhibit penetration of the chemical agent. Where possible, objects to be disinfected should be thoroughly cleaned. The presence of ions in water can also affect activity of antimicrobial agents, thus water for testing biocidal activity can be made artifieially hard by addition of ions. 

CDS of clean room walls, floors and accessible surfaces of clean room equipment is routinely undertaken between production runs. The final CDS step often entails fogging the room. This is achieved by placing some of the disinfectant in an aerosol-generating device (a fogging machine ). This generates a fine disinfectant mist, or fog, within the clean room, capable of penetrating areas difficult to reach in any other manner. 

Municipalities chlorinate both drinking water and wastewater by bubbling chlorine gas, Cl2, through the water. The chlorine reacts with the water to produce hypochlorous acid, HOC1, and hydrogen and chloride ions.The hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and so it remains unionized, as shown below.The hypochlorous acid is able to penetrate the nonpolar microbial cell walls, which makes it an effective disinfectant. 

Turpentine is used in syntheses by llie chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It also is used as a paint thinner and as a component of polishes and cleaning compounds. Pine oil finds application as a penetrant, wetting agent and preservative, especially by the textile and paper industries, and as an inexpensive deodorant and disinfectant in specialty products. The resin acids are used in the production of ester gum, Glyptal resins and are indispensable in paper sizing,... 

Chemical formulation designed to improve wetting and penetration of biological foulants in order that biocides or disinfectants can work more efficiently. 

The standard disinfectant for many of the world s potable drinking water supply systems (ozone and others are also widely used) and the product of choice for large cooling systems, usually available as a gas for lowest cost, but can be provided by liquids such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or solids such as calcium hypochlorite or isocyanurates. Any process contaminant leak tends to increase the chlorine demand, requiring additional chlorine to maintain disinfection rate. Poor penetrant of biomass and significantly reduced efficiencies over pH 8.0. 

The physical agents of disinfection that have been used include ultraviolet light (UV), electron beam, gamma-ray irradiation, soniflcation, and heat (Bryan, 1990 Kawakami et al., 1978 Hashimoto et al., 1980). Gamma rays are emitted from radioisotopes, such as cobalt-60, which, because of their penetrating power, have been used to disinfect water and wastewater. The electron beam uses an electron generator. A beam of these electrons is then directed into a flowing water or wastewater to be disinfected. For the method to be effective, the liquid must flow in thin layers. 

Epithelial and stromal edema of the cornea and a diffuse bullous keratopathy developed in a 39-year-old woman 2 weeks after a preoperative disinfection of the face with an alcoholic chlorhexidine solution. This led to penetrating keratoplasty 10 months later (20). 

Antimicrobial preservative disinfectant skin penetrant solvent. 

Ethanol and aqueous ethanol solutions of various concentrations (see Sections 8 and 17) are widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics see Table 1. Although ethanol is primarily used as a solvent, it is also employed in solutions as an antimicrobial preservative. Topical ethanol solutions are also used as penetration enhancers " and as disinfectants. Ethanol has also been used in transdermal preparations in combination with Labrasol as a 7)... 

Antioxidant antiseptic cooling agent disinfectant flavoring agent skin penetrant therapeutic agent. 

Organic matter can have a drastic effect on antimicrobial capacity either by adsorption or chemical inactivation, thus reducing the concentration of active agent in solution or by acting as a barrier to the penetration of the disinfectant. Blood, body fluids, pus, milk, food residues or colloidal proteins, even present in small amounts, all reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents to varying degrees, and... 

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