Disinfection byproduct

Drinking water has been disinfected with chlorine for approximately 100 years to protect against waterborne infectious diseases. In addition to chlorination, other methods of drinking water disinfection include the use of chlorine dioxide (either alone or in combination with chlorine), the addition of ammonia to chlorine to form chloramines, ozone treatment, oxidation with potassium permanganate, and ultraviolet radiation. Chlorination, however, is by far the most widely used method. Treatment with chlorine has virtually eliminated cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis A, and other waterborne diseases)54 [Pg.95]

It was discovered in the 1970s that chlorination of raw water high in organic content and/or infused with seawater results not only in the disinfection of water, but also in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). These include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) J55-56 These chemicals are individually toxic at high concentrations and can cause cancer, liver disease, kidney disease, birth defects, and reproductive failuresJ57 59 [Pg.95]

Trihalomethane MCL in drinking water is regulated by EPA under the Safe Drinking Water Act)60 EPA does not set limits on the individual THMs (chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and chlorodi-bromomethane), but limits the total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration to 100 ppb. In the 1990s it was found that drinking water contaminated with TTHMs at concentrations below the EPA allowable MCL of 100 ppb [Pg.95]

DBPs contain numerous lipophiles and hydrophiles. The K(m values for the four THMs are [Pg.97]

As can be seen from these data, all four THMs are of similar lipophilic-ity. Individually and together they facilitate the absorption of hydrophiles dissolved in them. Drinking water contains hundreds of dissolved chemicals in addition to DBPs. It is believed that the spontaneous abortions observed are because of a lipophilic/hydrophilic chemical mixture of DBPs and/or other dissolved chemicals of unknown compositionJ63 [Pg.97]

Table 2. NPDW Regulations for Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts.

Disinfectants Disinfection Byproducts MCLG (mg/L) MCL or TT (mg/L) Potential Health Effects from Ingestion of Water Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water... [Pg.16]

Cemeli E, ED Wagner, D Anderson, SD Richardson, MI Plewa (2006) Modulation of the cytoxicity and geno-toxicity of the drinking water disinfection byproduct iodoacetic acid by suppressors of oxidative stress. Environ Sci Technol 40 1878-1883. [Pg.40]

Plewa Ml, ED Wagner, SD Richardson, AD Thurston, Y-T Woo, AB McKague (2004) Chemical and biological characterization of newly discovered iodoacid drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol 38 4713 722. [Pg.45]

Richardson SD et al. (1999) Identification of new ozone disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 33 3368-3377. [Pg.46]

Richardson SD, AD Thurston, C Rav-Acha, L Groisman, 1 Popilevsky, O Juraev, V Glezer, AB McKague, Ml Plewa, ED Wagner (2003) Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide. Environ Sci Technol 37 3782-3793. [Pg.46]

ScienceDaily. Chlorine can react with sweat, urine at indoor swimming pools forming volatile disinfection byproducts. Available online. URL http //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/ 2008/02/080219161946.htm. Accessed on March 19, 2008. [Pg.113]

Disilanes, direct-process residue, 22 552 Disilicide pest, 25 386 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR), 17 807 Disinfectants, 8 605, 606... [Pg.279]

Source Naturally formed by algal biological processes (Orkin et al., 1997) and is a disinfection byproduct in public water treatment systems. [Pg.189]

Determination of Chlorinated Disinfection Byproducts and Chlorinated Solvents in Drinking Water by LLE and GC... [Pg.1206]

Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S, Jaakkola JJK, King WD, Lynch CF, Porru S, Kogevinas M (2004) Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 15(3) 357-367... [Pg.127]

Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Eaton NE, Fawell J, Elliott P (2000) Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes a review. Occup Environ Med 57(2) 73-85... [Pg.127]

Richardson SD, Fasano F, Ellington JJ, Crumley FG, Buettner KM, Evans JJ, Blount BC, Silva LK, Waite TJ, Luther GW, McKague AB, Miltner RJ, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ (2008) Occurrence and mammalian cell toxicity of iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 42 8330-8338... [Pg.128]

Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Jazwierska P, Richardson SD, Chen PH, McKague AB (2004) Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Environ Sci Technol 38(l) 62-68... [Pg.129]

Richardson SD, Thruston AD Jr, Caughran TV, Chen PH, Collette TW, Floyd TL, Schenck KM, Lykins BW Jr, Sun G, Majetich G (1999) Identification of new drinking water disinfection byproducts formed in the presence of bromide. Environ Sci Technol 33 3378-3383... [Pg.129]

Chen PH, Richardson SD, Krasner SW, Majetich G, Glish GL (2002) Hydrogen abstraction and decomposition of bromopicrin and other trihalogenated disinfection byproducts by GC/ MS. Environ Sci Technol 36(15) 3362-3371... [Pg.129]

Zhao Y, Qin F, Boyd JM, Anichina J, Li XF (2010) Characterization and determination of chloro- and bromo-benzoquinones as new chlorination disinfection byproducts in drinking... [Pg.131]

Zhang X, Talley JW, Boggess B, Ding G, Birdsell D (2008) Fast selective detection of polar brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water using precursor ion scans. Environ Sci Technol 42(17) 6598-6603... [Pg.131]

Ding G, Zhang X (2009) A picture of polar iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water by (UPLC/)ESI-tqMS. Environ Sci Technol 43(24) 9287-9293... [Pg.131]

Zhang X, Minear RA (2006) Formation, adsorption and separation of high molecular weight disinfection byproducts resulting from chlorination of aquatic humic substances. Water Res 40(2) 221-230... [Pg.131]

Li J, Blatchley ER III (2007) Volatile disinfection byproduct formation resulting from chlorination of organic - Nitrogen precursors in swimming pools. Environ Sci Technol 41 (19) 6732-6739... [Pg.134]

Zwiener C, Richardson SD, DeMarini DM, Grummt T, Glauner T, Frimmel FH (2007) Drowning in disinfection byproducts Assessing swimming pool water. Environ Sci Technol 41 363-372... [Pg.134]

Pressman JG, Richardson SD, Speth TF, Miltner RJ, Narotsky MG, Hunter ES IB, Rice GE, Teuschler LK, McDonald A, Parvez S, Krasner SW, Weinberg HS, McKague AB, Parrett CJ, Bodin N, Chinn R, Lee CFT, Simmons JE (2010) Concentration, chlorination, and chemical analysis of drinking water for disinfection byproduct mixtures health effects research U.S. EPA s four lab study. Environ Sci Technol 44 7184—7192... [Pg.135]

Zhang X, Minear RA, Barrett SE (2005) Characterization ofhigh molecular weight disinfection byproducts from chlorination of humic substances with/without coagulation pretreatment using UF-SEC-ESI-MS/MS. Environ Sci Technol 39(4) 963-972... [Pg.135]

Vincenti M, Fasano F, Valsania MC, Guarda P, Richardson SD (2010) Application of the novel 5-chloro-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-l-pentyl chloroformate derivatizing agent for the direct determination of highly polar water disinfection byproducts. Anal Bioanal Chem 397(l) 43-54... [Pg.137]

Richardson SD, Caughran TV, Poiger T, Guo Y, Gene Crumley F (2000) Application of DNPH derivatization with LC/MS to the identification of polar carbonyl disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Ozone Sci Engin 22(6) 653-675... [Pg.137]

Zhai FI, Zhang X (2011) Formation and decomposition of new and unknown polar brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 45(6) 2194-2201... [Pg.137]

Wu Q, Zhang T, Sun H, Kannan K (2010) Perchlorate in drinking water, groundwater, surface waters and bottled water from China, and its association with other inorganic anions and with disinfection byproducts. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58 543-550... [Pg.303]

Chlorine dioxide is a very reactive compound and will not exist in the environment for long periods of time. In air, sunlight will quickly break apart chlorine dioxide into chlorine gas and oxygen. In water, chlorine dioxide will react quickly to form chlorite ions. In water treatment systems, chlorine dioxide will not form certain harmful compounds (e.g., trihalomethanes) when it reacts with dissolved organic compounds. Chlorine dioxide does form other disinfection byproducts, such as chlorite and chlorate ions. [Pg.17]

EPA. 2002e. National primary drinking water regulations. Maximum contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 141.64(a). http //ecfrback.access.gpo.gov/. April 24, 2002. [Pg.132]

Strahle J, Schwenk M, Gabrio T, et al. 1998. [Determination of anorganic disinfection byproducts oxohalides in the water of indoor and outdoor swimming pools.] Zentralbl Hyg Umeweltmed 201(l) 96-97. (German)... [Pg.142]

Klinefelter, G.R., Suarez, J.D., Roberts, N.L. DeAngelo, A.B. (1995) Preliminary screening for the potential of drinking water disinfection byproducts to alter male reproduction. Reprod. Toxicol., 9, 571-578... [Pg.1303]

Considerable information of a general nature is available for uncontaminated water subject to the production of disinfection byproducts. The mutagens produced by drinking water chlorination appear to be numerous, but they exist either at low levels or are of low potency. For both the unresolved mixtures and for the few mutagenic compounds thus far identified, activity is readily reduced or destroyed by treatment with alkali or 4-nitrothiophenol and may be removed by GAC treatment. From water sources subject both to mutagen formation via disinfection and to periodic contamination by toxic chemicals, experimental full-scale GAC treatment systems have provided mutagen-free water. [Pg.583]

Disinfection byproducts trihalomethanes from chlorination, epoxides from ozonation. [Pg.714]

Disinfectant byproducts generally predominate over the identified organic chemicals found in finished drinking water. These chemicals may completely overshadow the effects of chemicals that are dependent upon the source of water. [Pg.734]

The chemistry of ozone in aqueous solutions and the health effects are complex. It is clear that ozone reacts with water products in the water supply to form numerous disinfection byproducts. However, the general pattern that emerges from most studies is that the reaction byproducts of ozonation appear to be less toxic than those produced by chlorination. [Pg.8]

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