Heat, disinfection process

Cyanide Disinfectants SPA Sodium cyanide Copper cyanide Heat treatment of metal Coal distillation Electroplating Photographic Synthetic fibre Agriculture and horticulture Abattoirs Eood processing... 

In order to achieve complete destruction of biological contaminants in water through sonication very high ultrasonic intensities are necessary. Unfortunately this makes the technique expensive to use for general microbiological decontamination. However over the last two decades some conventional disinfection techniques involving chemicals, ultraviolet light and heat treatment have become less effective as some bacteria become more resistant. Such processes have become a focus for the use of sonication as an adjunct to other techniques. 

Since the direct estimation of microbial numbers by conventional culturing methods is time-consuming and well affected by environmental conditions (18), a simple test for the most resistant enzyme activity is appropriate on a routine basis. If enzyme activity is detected, it can be assumed that the heat treatment was inadequate (4,15). Appropriately, GFPuv can be employed as a BI in thermal processes (blanching, pasteurization, disinfection) at temperatures >75°C for products at pH > 5.5, with the inactivation of GFPuv shown to be directly related to the time of exposure to moist heat and pH. 

Disposable equipment should not be re-sterilized or re-used. 2. Ethylene oxide is a difficult process to control and the Department of Health discourages its use in hospitals. 3. Low temperature steam with formaldehyde is of value in the sterilization/disinfection of some heat-sensitive materials. 4. Chemical agents, e.g. gluteraldehyde, hypochlorite. 

Killed vaccines. Killed vaccines are suspensions of bacteria, viruses or other pathogenic agents, that have been killed by heat or by disinfectants such as phenol, ethanol or formaldehyde. Killed microorganisms obviously cannot replicate and cause an infection and so it is necessary for each dose of a killed vaccine to contain sufficient antigenic material to stimulate a protective immune response. Killed vaccines therefore usually have to be relatively concentrated suspensions. Even so, such preparations are often rather poorly protective, possibly because of partial destruction of protective antigens during the killing process or inadequate expression... 

Killing. The process by which the live bacteria in the culture are rendered non-viable and harmless. Heat and disinfectants are usually employed. Heat and/or formalin or thiomersal are used to kill the cells of Bordetella pertussis used to make whole cell pertussis vaccines. Phenol was used to kill the Vibrio cholerae and the Sal. typhi cells used in the now obsolete whole cell cholera and typhoid vaccines. 

Holah et al [1994] have drawn attention to the fact that disinfection or sanitation are an essential part of the cleaning requirements for food processing equipment to maintain product quality. Ozone has been suggested as a possible sterilising agent in the cleaning of heat exchangers [Bott 1991]. The ozone in... 

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