Toilet disinfectant

Consider para-dichlorobenzene (DCB), which is used as a toilet disinfectant. The following data are available for DCB the molecular weight is 146 g/mol, the liquid vapor pressure is 1.3 Torr, and the saturated water solubility is 5.3 x 10-4 mol/L. In Lake Zurich, the measured concentration of DCB is lOng/L and the average wind speed is 2.3 m/s. What is this compound s flux into or out of Lake Zurich ... 

Sodium bisulfate, NaHSO, is a convenient mild acid and is safe for uses as a household toilet-bowl cleaner, automobile-radiator cleaner, and for swimming pool pH adjustment. It is used for metal pickling, as a dye-reducing agent, for soil disinfecting, and as a promoter in hardening certain types of cement. 

The largest use of calcium hypochlorite is for water treatment. It is also used for I I and household disinfectants, cleaners, and mildewcides. Most of the household uses have been limited to in-tank toilet bowl cleaners. In areas where chlorine cannot be shipped or is otherwise unavailable, calcium hypochlorite is used to bleach textiles in commercial laundries and textile mills. It is usually first converted to sodium hypochlorite by mixing it with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and removing the precipitated calcium carbonate. Or, it can be dissolved in the presence of sufficient sodium tripolyphosphate to prevent the precipitation of calcium salts. However, calcium hypochlorite is not usually used to bleach laundry and textiles because of problems with insoluble inorganic calcium salts and precipitation of soaps and anionic detergents as their calcium salts. 

Disinfectants are used in janitorial suppHes for hospitals and the home to treat toilet bowls, floors and walls in sick rooms, operating rooms, and wherever infective microorganisms are a problem. Instmments such as scalpels, scissors, catheters, and endoscopes used to invade tissues are treated with disinfectants, as are dental instmments. Laws require that hospital waste must be disinfected so that bacteria and vimses, such as the hepatitis vims and the AIDS vims, do not infect hospital workers and people in the community. 

Inorganic Acids. Strong inorganic acids have little antimicrobial activity in themselves but inhibit microorganism growth by lowering the pH. Disinfectant toilet bowl cleaners that contain 9.5% HCl or more are antimicrobial. Carbonic acid [463-79-6] in soft drinks provides some antibacterial preservation. Sulfurous acid [7782-99-2] is an effective preservative used to preserve wines (see Wine), fmit juices (qv), and dried fmits. 

Daily bathing (showering is best) is recommended. Disinfect toilet facilities daily, and disinfect the bathtub or shower stall immediately after bathing. Use the disinfectant recommended by the primary health care provider or use chlorine bleach. Scrub the surfaces thoroughly and allow the disinfectant to remain in contact with the surfaces for several minutes. 

Phenol was originally recovered during the coking of coal, essentially being a by-product. Eventually, commercial routes were developed based on benzene (from coal or petroleum) for example, sulfonation of benzene to ben-zenesulfonic acid followed by reaction with water to phenol plus regenerated sulfuric acid. Phenol is used to make plastics (phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins) and textile fibers (nylon). Phenol is also used in solution as a general disinfectant for cleaning toilets, stables, floors, drains, etc. and is used both internally and externally as a disinfectant for animals. 

Since phenol can be readily absorbed through the skin (ACGIH 1991), children may be more susceptible to low levels of phenol exposure since they have a higher skin-surface-area to weight ratio. Since young children are more likely to come in contact with the floor and other low-lying areas, they may be exposed to phenol found in consumer products such as general disinfectants used to clean toilets, floors, drains, and other areas (Budavari 1989 CA EPA 1998 Hawley 1981). 

Strong acids, bases, or oxidizers can cause permanent eye damage, skin bums, and, if swallowed, gastrointestinal damage. Examples of corrosive products include alkaline drain cleaners and oven cleaners, acid-based toilet bowl cleaners and rust removers, concentrated disinfectants, and some concentrated pesticides, especially fungicides. 

Strict hygiene essential to prevent reinfection disinfect toilet facilities, change and launder undergarments, bed linens, towels, and nightclothes... 

Pure 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) is still used as a disinfectant and airfreshener in some public toilets. As an employee of the health department of a large city you are asked to evaluate whether the 1,4-DCB present in the air in such toilets may pose a health problem to the toilet personnel who are exposed to this compound for several hours every day. In this context you are interested in the maximum possible 1,4-DCB concentration in the toilet air at 20°C. Calculate this concentration in g per m3 air assuming that... 

Oxidation of Chlorides. Hypochlorite can also be formed by the in situ oxidation of chloride ions by potassium peroxymonosulfate [25482-78-4] (36). Ketones like acetone catalyze the reaction (37). The triple salt of potassium peroxymonosulfate is a stable powder that has been combined with chloride salts and sold as toilet bowl cleaners. Bromides can be used in place of chlorides to form hypobromites, and such combinations are used to disinfect spas and hot tubs. 

The combination of borax with lemon is also a good, strong alternative. A paste of lemon juice and borax is an excellent substance with which to clean the toilet bowl (apply pulp, let it soak for two hours, and scrub with toilet brush). Borax is also a good product for bleaching and disinfecting. Do not, however, confuse borax with baking soda When consumed or inhaled, borax is very toxic. (Also see entry 161). 

Sodium hypochlorite is used in household laundry bleach, disinfectant and cleaning products, toilet sanitizers, deodorizers, for water purification, and as antiseptics. Regular household laundry bleaches are 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in water with an adjusted pH of 10.8-11.4. Ultra formulations are slightly more concentrated and contain 6-8% sodium hypochlorite. Commercial laundry bleaches contain 15% sodium hypochlorite at a pH slightly over 11. 

Disinfection is also a benefit desired by consumers in toilet bowl cleaning. This can be achieved with quaternary ammonium surfactants, as in bathroom and allpurpose cleaners. Quats are effective bactericides at both low (1 to 4) and high (8 to 12) pH and so are compatible with very acidic toilet bowl cleaners. One of the problems with disinfection is knowing whether the product has been used at the proper dilution, and one toilet bowl cleaner formula gives the signal via a pH-dependent dye [375],... 

USE As a general disinfectant, either in soln or mixed with slaked lime, etc., for toilets, stables, cesspools, floors, drains, etc. for the manuf of colorless or light-colored artificial resins, many medical and industrial organic compds and dyes as a reagent in chemical analysis. Pharmaceutic aid (preservative). 

Liquid Acid Toilet Bowl Cleaners (Disinfectant) High Quality... 

Disinfection-Hard Surfaces 2.0 ozs. per gallon. Disinfection-Toilet Bowls 2.0 ozs. per bowl For complete use instructions, see EPA registered label. Storage Stability ... 

Bathroom toilet cleaners Chlorine Eye, skin, and lung irritant. Major cause of poisonings in children. Also found in disinfectants, dishwasher powders. 

This means that distribution systems can be bypassed, disinfection reduced, and more sophisticated treatment systems applied on a small scale which would not be affordable on large scale. Simultaneously, the environmental impact of treatment would be reduced as the concentrate of such systems with a relatively clean intake could be used for irrigation, toilet flushing or car washing. 

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