Wastewater tertiary treatment disinfection

Advanced wastewater treatment techniques, for example oxidation processes, can achieve up to 100% removal for diclofenac [52,53], Reverse osmosis, activated carbon and ozonation have been shown to significantly reduce or eliminate antibiotics from wastewater effluents [32], The efficiency of two tertiary treatments, chlorination and UV disinfection, was compared and chlorination led to lower quantities of antibiotics [54],... 

Figure 2.5 illustrates a simplified version of that system. (The schematic omits certain treatment units, such as the initial removal of large solids, for simplicity. Furthermore, it does not include disinfection or tertiary treatment of wastewater. Both of those unit operations could potentially degrade an organic chemical or otherwise remove it from the effluent.)... 

Combining UF or MF membrane technologies with biological reactors for the treatment of wastewater in a one-stage process has led to the generation of the MBR concept in which MF or UF membranes have replaced the traditional sedimentation tank. An efficient clarification of the treated wastewater is achieved, membranes can reduce the disinfection practices such as chlorination, and a pathogen-free, tertiary quality effluent is thus obtained [11]. 

Semi-dead end UF/MF membranes (effective pore size of the membrane is <0.1 pm) with intermittent backwash are being increasingly used for surface water and wastewater treatment for re-use, e.g. secondary or tertiary effluent is treated for industrial, non-potable and, in some cases, potable water reuse using UF/RO (or MF/RO) plus advanced oxidation techniques such as UV disinfection and hydrogen peroxide. The process is described in detail in Chapters 2 and 4 and several examples discussed in Chapter 3. Prominent examples of advanced reclamation plants include Water Factory 21 in Cahfornia, NEWater Factory in Singapore and the Goreangab Reclamation plant in Namibia [2]. 

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